Outdoor PM₁₀ source apportionment in metropolitan cities--a case study.

This study was carried out to specify contribution of different sources in PM10 emission in Tehran City using chemical mass balance method. This is the first time that this method is used in Iran. To this end, the metallic elements including V, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Mn, Al, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Sc, and S were sampled on the filters of high-volume sampler installed at four stations in Tehran. Afterward, highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma (ICP-M90; model aurora-Elit) was used to determine concentration of the elements precipitated on the filters. The obtained results were then compared with standard values. According to the results, the concentration of Cd (16.8 ng/m(3)) was higher than the standard level of 5 ng/m(3) at District 16 on November 14th 2012 which is almost three times the permissible limit. None of the elements Pb, Mn, V, and Hg exceeded the permissible limits except for Ni at District 16. Subsequently, the enrichment factor of the elements was calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, S, Ni, and Hg) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Na, Fe, and Ca). Exceedance factor were calculated for elements of each site to show that all study sites were in low-pollution category. Afterward, the contribution of different pollution sources of road dust, vehicles, and industries in emission of outdoor PM10 was investigated through chemical mass balance (CMB) method. According to which, the highest contribution comes from road dust with a share of 95.4 % of the total outdoor PM10 emission in Tehran mainly originated from the wear and friction of car tires with asphalt pavement. High calcium concentration in all districts of the city confirms the claim. Furthermore, transportation, with a significant difference, has a contribution of 4.05 % of total outdoor PM10 released while industries share very little about 0.4 %. In overall, the quality of road pavement could be a determining factor in releasing considerable amount of outdoor PM10 in urban areas.