Literature DB >> 25628206

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: case report and literature review.

Éden Sartor Camargo1, Marcelo de Melo Viveiros1, Isaac José Felippe Corrêa Neto1, Laercio Robles1, Marcelo Bruno Rezende1.   

Abstract

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumors are extremely rare neoplasms derived from hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells. It is difficult to make their diagnosis before biopsy, surgical resection or necropsy. A recent publication described only 94 cases of these tumors. There is no sex predilection and apparently it has no association with cirrhosis or preexisting hepatic disease. The most effective treatment is hepatectomy, and resection is determined by size and location of the lesions.

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Year:  2014        PMID: 25628206      PMCID: PMC4879921          DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082014RC2745

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Einstein (Sao Paulo)        ISSN: 1679-4508


INTRODUCTION

The liver is the organ most often affected by metastases of neuroendocrine tumors,( but the primary hepatic carcinoid tumors are extremely rare. Only 60 cases had been described up to 2008( and 94 cases were reported in a recent publication. Carcinoid tumors were first reported by Lubarsch, in 1888,( and are functional neoplasms that can develop in any part of the body. However, approximately 54% to 90% of the cases originate from the gastrointestinal tract,( mainly from the appendix, small bowel and rectum. The primary hepatic carcinoid tumors are neoplasms derived from hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells, especially serotonin. Since they are very rare, it is difficult to make their diagnosis before biopsy, surgical resection or even necropsy.( There is no sex predilection and the tumors affect individuals aged between 40 and 50 years.( The cases reported present large tumors in the hepatic parenchyma, with non-specific and mild symptoms. Due to fast progression of the tumor and delay in making diagnosis, very few cases are surgically resectable.( The primary carcinoid tumor of the liver was first described by Edmonsdson, in 1958, and its origin remains uncertain.( The mutating cells originate from the ectopic pancreatic or adrenal tissue in the hepatic parenchyma, or from neuroendocrine cells located in the intrahepatic biliary epithelium.( Moreover, it was proposed that the chronic inflammation of the bile canaliculi can cause intestinal metaplasia, which predisposes the development of neuroendocrine tumors.( The primary hepatic carcinoid tumor has no association with cirrhosis or preexisting liver disease(and accounts to only 0.3% of the cases of neuroendocrine tumors.(

CASE REPORT

A 34-year-old male patient referred abdominal pain that was intermittent, progressive, related to compression on the right flank and irradiating to the dorsum and ipsilateral shoulder, for three months. He presented postprandial fullness, constipation and weight loss (3% of body weight). The laboratory test results showed normal complete blood count and liver function tests, negative serology for hepatites, slight increase in canalicular enzymes and tumor markers within normalcy. Abdominal ultrasound showed a heterogeneous mass in the right hepatic lobe measuring 12x10cm, with a solid-cystic content. Computed tomography demonstrated enlarged liver due to the right hepatic lobe that presented an extensive infiltrating lesion with poorly-defined contours, a liquefied center and the periphery was partially enhanced by contrast medium. There was no further involvement of other organs (Figure 1A and B).
Figure 1

(A) Axial computed tomography image - portal phase - middle hepatic vein - contact with lesion. (B) Coronal computed tomography image

The patient was submitted to ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. The pathologic report described neoplasm of undetermined histogenesis, suggesting carcinoid tumor, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis. The investigation was complemented with OctreoScan® that specifically demonstrated a primary hepatic carcinoid tumor (Figure 2).
Figure 2

Octreotide scintigraphy shows radiomarker uptake in hepatic lesion

He underwent right hepatectomy, and an irregular extensive lesion occupying the whole right lobe was evident in the intraoperative period (Figure 3). The patient progressed well and was discharged on postoperative day 7. The pathological examination showed a malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation and positive immunohistochemistry for synaptofisin, vimentin, chromogranin and KI-67, thus confirming the diagnosis of primary hepatic carcinoid tumor (Figure 4).
Figure 3

Liver with extensive lesion in the right lobe

Figure 4

Histology – epithelioid neoplasm, with medium-sized cells, irregular nuclei, in organoid arrangements and blocks - 8 mitosis per 10 HPF, with necrotic foci

DISCUSSION

Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor may be an incidental finding or it may present with abdominal pain, jaundice, a palpable mass in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, weight loss, Cushing syndrome and carcinoid syndrome.( There is usually liver metastasis when carcinoid syndrome occurs (facial redness, abdominal pain and diarrhea). This clinical picture is very rare, and there are only two cases described in the medical literature.( The investigation should first include an abdominal ultrasound, which often demonstrates a solid-cystic tumor.( Further workup with computed tomography generally corroborates the ultrasonographic findings. It is difficult to make a definite diagnosis primarily due to its similarity to hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, OctreoScan® is very useful and its specificity achieves up to 83%.( Histopathology reveals a malignant neoplasm, with neuroendocrine differentiation and eight mitotic figures per high-power field, but it is not specific for diagnosis of primary hepatic carcinoid tumor, according to the literature.( In the present study, immunohistochemistry correlated with the literature and showed positive chromogranin in 89.1%, and synaptofisin in 55% of the cases.( The most effective treatment is hepatectomy.( Survival rate may increase from 29% to 78%.( Systemic chemotherapy or chemoembolization showed uncertain results.( The indication of liver transplant remains a dilemma, and some researchers suggest this therapy for patients with multiple lesions or in cases of disease with impaired liver function.( Another possible treatment is radiofrequency.( Recent studies reported a five-year survival of 74-78% in patients submitted to hepatectomy, and the recurrence rate was approximately 18%.( According to Schwartz et al.,(the distant metastases are not described when there is no hepatic involvement. Up to 2009, in the largest series published in the literature, Lin et al.( reported 94 cases and described abdominal pain as the most frequent symptom (44% of cases), followed by abdominal mass (14.3%) and absence of symptoms (13.1%); unilobar location (76.6%) and single lesion (62,8%). Hepatectomy was performed in 86.8% of their patients, and overall mortality was 25.5%. Huang et al.( are the authors of the largest series from a single center, describing 11 cases of primary hepatic carcinoid tumor within a 13-year period of analysis.

CONCLUSION

Carcinoid tumors with liver metastasis are relatively common. However, the primary involvement of this organ is very rare. Better diagnostic methods are required to make a more precise preoperative differentiation between primary hepatic carcinoid tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma. Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor should be suspected in patients with no chronic liver disease, normal alpha-fetoprotein levels and solid-cystic lesion in imaging tests, associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain.

INTRODUÇÃO

Apesar de o fígado ser o principal órgão acometido por metástases dos tumores carcinoides,( os carcinoides primários desse órgão são extremamente raros, com descrição de apenas 60 casos até o ano de 2008( e de 94 casos em publicação mais recente. Inicialmente reportado por Lubarsch em 1888,( os tumores carcinoides são neoplasias funcionais que podem se desenvolver em qualquer parte do corpo. Entretanto, cerca de 54 a 90% dos casos têm sua origem no trato gastrintestinal,( principalmente no apêndice cecal, intestino delgado e reto. Os tumores neuroendócrinos primários do fígado (TNPF) são neoplasias derivadas de células neuroendócrinas produtoras de hormônios, notadamente a serotonina, que, principalmente por sua raridade, os tornam de difícil diagnóstico antes da biópsia, ressecção cirúrgica ou mesmo da necropsia.( Não apresentam predileção por sexo e acometem indivíduos na faixa etária entre 40 e 50 anos.( Os casos relatados se apresentam como tumorações de grandes dimensões no parênquima hepático, com sintomas inespecíficos e frustos, tornando ainda mais raros os casos passíveis de ressecção cirúrgica, devido à rápida progressão tumoral e à demora no diagnóstico.( O TNPF foi inicialmente descrito por Edmonsdson no ano de 1958 e sua origem ainda permanece incerta.( As células mutantes originam-se de tecido ectópico pancreático ou adrenal encontrado no parênquima hepático ou, então, de células neuroendócrinas localizadas no epitélio biliar intra-hepático.( Além disso, também é proposto que a inflamação crônica dos canalículos biliares pode acarretar metaplasia intestinal, a qual predispõe ao desenvolvimento do tumor neuroendócrino.( O TNPF não apresenta associação com cirrose ou doença hepática preexistente(e corresponde a apenas de 0,3% dos casos de tumores carcinoides.(

RELATO DE CASO

Paciente masculino de 34 anos de idade, com relato de dor abdominal há 3 meses, intermitente, progressiva, de caráter compressivo, em flanco direito, com irradiação para o dorso e ombro ipsilateral. Apresentava plenitude pós-prandial, constipação intestinal e perda ponderal de 3% do peso corpóreo. Possuía hemograma e exames de função hepática normais, sorologias negativas para hepatites, aumento discreto das enzimas canaliculares e marcadores tumorais dentro da normalidade. A ultrassonografia abdominal evidenciava uma massa heterogênea em lobo hepático direito de 12x10cm, com componente sólido-cístico, e a tomografia computadorizada, fígado com dimensões aumentadas às custas do lobo hepático direito, apresentando extensa lesão infiltrativa com contornos mal definidos, com centro liquefeito e periferia parcialmente realçada ao meio de contraste, além de ausência de comprometimentos de outros órgãos (Figura 1 A e B).
Figura 1

(A) Tomografia computadorizada - corte axial - fase portal - veia hepática media - contato com a lesão. (B) Tomografia computadorizada - corte coronal

O paciente foi submetido à biópsia hepática percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia. O laudo histopatológico demonstrou tratar-se de neoplasia de histogênese indeterminada, sugerindo tumor carcinoide, e a imuno-histoquímica comprovou o diagnóstico sugerido. Investigação complementada com OctreoScan® demostrou tratar-se especificamente de um TNPF (Figura 2).
Figura 2

Cintilografia com ocreotide - evidenciando captação de radiofarmaco em lesão hepática

Realizada hepatectomia direita regrada, com evidência, no intraoperatório, de extensa lesão irregular que ocupava todo lobo hepático direito (Figura 3). O paciente apresentou boa evolução e alta hospitalar no 7º dia. A anatomopatologia demonstrou se tratar de neoplasia maligna com diferenciação neuroendócrina e imuno-histoquímica positiva para sinaptofisina, vimentina, cromogranina e KI-67, confirmando o diagnóstico de TNPF (Figura 4).
Figura 3

Fígado com lesão extensa acometendo lobo hepático direito

Figura 4

Histologia - neoplasia epitelióide com células de tamanho intermediário, nucleos irregulares, dispostas em arranjos organóides e blocos - 8 mitoses por 10 cga com focos de necrose

DISCUSSÃO

O TNPF pode ser um achado incidental ou, então, apresentar-se com sintomas de dor abdominal, icterícia, massa palpável em quadrante superior direito do abdome, perda ponderal, síndrome de Cushing e síndrome carcinoide.( Quando ocorre a síndrome carcinoide (rubor facial, dor abdominal e diarreia), geralmente há metástase hepática. Essa apresentação clínica é bastante rara, com descrição de apenas dois casos na literatura.( A investigação deve se iniciar com ultrassonografia abdominal, que demonstra, na maioria das vezes, um tumor sólido-cístico.( A propedêutica adicional com tomografia computadorizada de abdome geralmente corrobora os achados ultrassonográficos. Além disso, ressalta-se a dificuldade em se estabelecer o diagnóstico definitivo devido, principalmente, à sua similaridade com o carcinoma hepatocelular. Finalmente, o auxílio do OctreoScan® é bastante benéfico, apresentando especificidade que chega a 83%.( A histopatologia revelava se tratar de neoplasia maligna, com diferenciação neuroendócrina, com oito figuras de mitose por campo de grande aumento e, assim como dados da literatura, não é específica para o diagnóstico de TNPF.( A imuno-histoquímica, no presente estudo, demonstrou correlação com a literatura, evidenciando a positividade da cromogranina em 89,1% e sinaptofisina em 55% dos casos.( O tratamento mais eficaz é a hepatectomia.( Há possibilidade de aumento de sobrevida de 29% para até 78%.( Quimioterapia sistêmica ou quimioembolização mostraram resultados incertos.( A indicação do transplante hepático ainda é um dilema, sendo que algumas pesquisas sugerem essa terapia em pacientes com múltiplas lesões ou em casos de doença hepática com função prejudicada.( Outra possibilidade terapêutica é a utilização de radiofrequência.( Recentes trabalhos demonstraram sobrevida de 5 anos em 74 a 78% dos casos de pacientes submetidos a hepatectomia, com uma taxa de recidiva em torno de 18%.( As metástases à distância, de acordo com Schwartz et al.,(não são descritas sem envolvimento hepático. Até o ano de 2009, Lin et al.,( na maior casuística da literatura, reportaram 94 casos e evidenciaram dor abdominal como o sintoma mais frequente (presente em 44% dos casos), seguido por massa abdominal (14,3%) e ausência de sintomas (13,1%); localização unilobar (76,6%) e lesão única (62,8%). A hepatectomia foi realizada 86,8% de seus pacientes, com uma taxa de mortalidade global de 25,5%. Huang et al.( são os autores com a maior casuística de um único serviço, com relato de 11 casos de TNPF em 13 anos de análise.

CONCLUSÃO

Os tumores carcinoides metastáticos para o fígado são relativamente comuns. Entretanto, o acometimento primário desse órgão é bastante raro. Necessita-se de melhora nos métodos diagnósticos para que haja uma diferenciação pré-operatória mais precisa entre tumores neuroendócrinos primários do fígado e carcinoma hepatocelular. Pacientes sem um passado de hepatopatia crônica, com níveis normais de alfafetoproteína e imagem sólido-cística nos exames de imagem, combinadas com diarreia e dor abdominal, devem ter aventada a hipótese de um caso de tumor neuroendócrino primário do fígado.
  16 in total

Review 1.  [Diagnosis and treatment for carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract].

Authors:  Luis César Fernandes; Luiz Pucca; Delcio Matos
Journal:  Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)       Date:  2002 Jan-Mar       Impact factor: 1.209

2.  Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: clinical analysis of 11 cases.

Authors:  Yang-Qing Huang; Feng Xu; Jia-Mei Yang; Bin Huang
Journal:  Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int       Date:  2010-02

Review 3.  Nuclear medicine in the detection, staging and treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours.

Authors:  Kjell Oberg; Barbro Eriksson
Journal:  Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab       Date:  2005-06       Impact factor: 4.690

Review 4.  Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids.

Authors:  Irvin M Modlin; Mark Kidd; Igor Latich; Michelle N Zikusoka; Michael D Shapiro
Journal:  Gastroenterology       Date:  2005-05       Impact factor: 22.682

Review 5.  Long-term survival after resection for primary hepatic carcinoid tumor.

Authors:  Clayton D Knox; Christopher D Anderson; Laura W Lamps; R Benton Adkins; C Wright Pinson
Journal:  Ann Surg Oncol       Date:  2003-12       Impact factor: 5.344

Review 6.  Primary hepatic carcinoid: a case report and literature review.

Authors:  Luigi Maria Fenoglio; Sara Severini; Domenico Ferrigno; Giovanni Gollè; Cristina Serraino; Christian Bracco; Elisabetta Castagna; Chiara Brignone; Fulvio Pomero; Elena Migliore; Ezio David; Mauro Salizzoni
Journal:  World J Gastroenterol       Date:  2009-05-21       Impact factor: 5.742

7.  Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor presenting as Cushing's syndrome.

Authors:  N A Shah; I A Urusova; A D'Agnolo; S D Colquhoun; B E Rosenbloom; S L Vener; S A Geller; M Younes; J Lechago; A P Heaney
Journal:  J Endocrinol Invest       Date:  2007-04       Impact factor: 4.256

8.  Hepatic resection and transplantation for primary carcinoid tumors of the liver.

Authors:  Stephen W Fenwick; Judith I Wyatt; Giles J Toogood; J Peter A Lodge
Journal:  Ann Surg       Date:  2004-02       Impact factor: 12.969

9.  Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: a case report and review of the literature.

Authors:  Chih-Wen Lin; Chung-Hsu Lai; Chia-Chang Hsu; Chao-Tien Hsu; Pei-Min Hsieh; Kuo-Chen Hung; Yaw-Sen Chen
Journal:  Cases J       Date:  2009-01-27

Review 10.  Primary carcinoid tumors of the liver.

Authors:  Gary Schwartz; Agnes Colanta; Harold Gaetz; John Olichney; Fadi Attiyeh
Journal:  World J Surg Oncol       Date:  2008-08-27       Impact factor: 2.754

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7.  Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor metastasizing to eyelid: A case report.

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8.  Efficacy of Chemotherapy versus Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization in Patients with Advanced Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and an Analysis of the Prognostic Factors: A Retrospective Study.

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9.  Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review.

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Journal:  Cureus       Date:  2022-02-18

10.  Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor.

Authors:  Le Tuan Linh; Nguyen Minh Duc; Hoang Tu Minh; Nguyen Ngoc Cuong; Vuong Thu Ha; Dao-Thi Luan; Thieu-Thi Tra My; Bui Van Lenh
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