Rivka Inzelberg1, Magda Massarwa2, Edna Schechtman3, Rosa Strugatsky4, Lindsay A Farrer5, Robert P Friedland6. 1. Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel The Sagol Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel. 2. Department of Neurology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel. 3. Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. 4. The Sagol Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Israel. 5. Departments of Medicine (Genetics Program), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics & Genomics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, USA. 6. Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vascular risk factors and lack of formal education may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of vascular risk factors and education to the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD and to estimate the risk for conversion from MCI to AD. METHODS: This door-to-door survey was performed by an Arab-speaking team in Wadi Ara villages in Israel. All consenting residents aged ≥ 65 years were interviewed for medical history and underwent neurological and cognitive examinations. Individuals were cognitively classified as normal (CN), MCI, AD, vascular dementia, or unclassifiable. MCI patients were re-examined at least one year later to determine conversion to AD. The contributions of age, gender, school years, and vascular risk factors to the probability of conversion were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 906 participants, 297 (33%) had MCI and 95 (10%) had AD. Older age (p = 0.0008), female gender (p = 0.023), low schooling (p < 0.0001), and hypertension (p = 0.0002) significantly accounted for risk of MCI versus CN, and diabetes was borderline (p = 0.051). The risk of AD versus CN was significantly associated with age (p < 0.0001), female gender (p < 0.0001), low schooling (p = 0.004) and hypertension (p = 0.049). Of the 231 subjects with MCI that were re-examined, 65 converted to AD. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, age, female gender, lack of formal education, and hypertension are risk factors for both AD and MCI. Conversion risk from MCI to AD could be estimated as a function of age, time interval between examinations, and hypertension.
BACKGROUND: Vascular risk factors and lack of formal education may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of vascular risk factors and education to the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD and to estimate the risk for conversion from MCI to AD. METHODS: This door-to-door survey was performed by an Arab-speaking team in Wadi Ara villages in Israel. All consenting residents aged ≥ 65 years were interviewed for medical history and underwent neurological and cognitive examinations. Individuals were cognitively classified as normal (CN), MCI, AD, vascular dementia, or unclassifiable. MCI patients were re-examined at least one year later to determine conversion to AD. The contributions of age, gender, school years, and vascular risk factors to the probability of conversion were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 906 participants, 297 (33%) had MCI and 95 (10%) had AD. Older age (p = 0.0008), female gender (p = 0.023), low schooling (p < 0.0001), and hypertension (p = 0.0002) significantly accounted for risk of MCI versus CN, and diabetes was borderline (p = 0.051). The risk of AD versus CN was significantly associated with age (p < 0.0001), female gender (p < 0.0001), low schooling (p = 0.004) and hypertension (p = 0.049). Of the 231 subjects with MCI that were re-examined, 65 converted to AD. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, age, female gender, lack of formal education, and hypertension are risk factors for both AD and MCI. Conversion risk from MCI to AD could be estimated as a function of age, time interval between examinations, and hypertension.
Authors: Yan Meng; Clinton T Baldwin; Abdalla Bowirrat; Kristin Waraska; Rivka Inzelberg; Robert P Friedland; Lindsay A Farrer Journal: Am J Hum Genet Date: 2006-03-16 Impact factor: 11.025
Authors: Anne E Afgin; Magda Massarwa; Edna Schechtman; Simon D Israeli-Korn; Rosa Strugatsky; Amin Abuful; Lindsay A Farrer; Robert P Friedland; Rivka Inzelberg Journal: J Alzheimers Dis Date: 2012 Impact factor: 4.472
Authors: Rivka Inzelberg; Anne E Afgin; Magda Massarwa; Edna Schechtman; Simon D Israeli-Korn; Rosa Strugatsky; Amin Abuful; Efrat Kravitz; Lindsay A Farrer; Robert P Friedland Journal: Curr Alzheimer Res Date: 2013-03 Impact factor: 3.498