Li-Jing Chen1, Li Chuang1, Yi-Hsuan Huang1, Jing Zhou1, Seh Hong Lim1, Chih-I Lee1, Wei-Wen Lin1, Ting-Er Lin1, Wei-Li Wang1, Linyi Chen1, Shu Chien1, Jeng-Jiann Chiu2. 1. From the Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (L.-J.C., Li Chuang, Y.-H.H., S.H.L., C.-I.L., T.-E.L., W.-L.W., J.-J.C.); Institute of Molecular Medicine (Linyi Chen) and Institute of Biomedical Engineering (J.-J.C.), National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Peking University, Beijing, China (J.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (W.-W.L.); and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.). 2. From the Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (L.-J.C., Li Chuang, Y.-H.H., S.H.L., C.-I.L., T.-E.L., W.-L.W., J.-J.C.); Institute of Molecular Medicine (Linyi Chen) and Institute of Biomedical Engineering (J.-J.C.), National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Peking University, Beijing, China (J.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (W.-W.L.); and Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.). jjchiu@nhri.org.tw.
Abstract
RATIONALE: In atherosclerotic lesions, synthetic smooth muscle cells (sSMCs) induce aberrant microRNA (miR) profiles in endothelial cells (ECs) under flow stagnation. Increase in shear stress induces favorable miR modulation to mitigate sSMC-induced inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To address the role of miRs in sSMC-induced EC inflammation and its inhibition by shear stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coculturing ECs with sSMCs under static condition causes initial increases of 4 anti-inflammatory miRs (146a/708/451/98) in ECs followed by decreases below basal levels at 7 days; the increases for miR-146a/708 peaked at 24 hours and those for miR-451/98 lasted for only 6 to 12 hours. Shear stress (12 dynes/cm(2)) to cocultured ECs for 24 hours augments these 4 miR expressions. In vivo, these 4 miRs are highly expressed in neointimal ECs in injured arteries under physiological levels of flow, but not expressed under flow stagnation. MiR-146a, miR-708, miR-451, and miR-98 target interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase subunit-γ, interleukin-6 receptor, and conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, respectively, to inhibit nuclear factor-κB signaling, which exerts negative feedback control on the biogenesis of these miRs. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 is critical for shear-induction of miR-146a in cocultured ECs. Silencing either Nrf-2 or miR-146a led to increased neointima formation of injured rat carotid artery under physiological levels of flow. Overexpressing miR-146a inhibits neointima formation of rat or mouse carotid artery induced by injury or flow cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Nrf-2-mediated miR-146a expression is augmented by atheroprotective shear stress in ECs adjacent to sSMCs to inhibit neointima formation of injured arteries.
RATIONALE: In atherosclerotic lesions, synthetic smooth muscle cells (sSMCs) induce aberrant microRNA (miR) profiles in endothelial cells (ECs) under flow stagnation. Increase in shear stress induces favorable miR modulation to mitigate sSMC-induced inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To address the role of miRs in sSMC-induced EC inflammation and its inhibition by shear stress. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coculturing ECs with sSMCs under static condition causes initial increases of 4 anti-inflammatory miRs (146a/708/451/98) in ECs followed by decreases below basal levels at 7 days; the increases for miR-146a/708 peaked at 24 hours and those for miR-451/98 lasted for only 6 to 12 hours. Shear stress (12 dynes/cm(2)) to cocultured ECs for 24 hours augments these 4 miR expressions. In vivo, these 4 miRs are highly expressed in neointimal ECs in injured arteries under physiological levels of flow, but not expressed under flow stagnation. MiR-146a, miR-708, miR-451, and miR-98 target interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase subunit-γ, interleukin-6 receptor, and conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, respectively, to inhibit nuclear factor-κB signaling, which exerts negative feedback control on the biogenesis of these miRs. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 is critical for shear-induction of miR-146a in cocultured ECs. Silencing either Nrf-2 or miR-146a led to increased neointima formation of injured rat carotid artery under physiological levels of flow. Overexpressing miR-146a inhibits neointima formation of rat or mouse carotid artery induced by injury or flow cessation. CONCLUSIONS:Nrf-2-mediated miR-146a expression is augmented by atheroprotective shear stress in ECs adjacent to sSMCs to inhibit neointima formation of injured arteries.
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