Sun Jae Jung1, Aesun Shin2, Daehee Kang3. 1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 3. Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhkang@snu.ac.kr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although hypotheses have been proposed regarding the biological mechanisms of hormonal fluctuations in mood disorders, few epidemiological studies have addressed this issue. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hormone-related life events and postmenopausal depression. METHODS: Of 13,918 women who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V, a total of 4869 post-menopausal women who had completed information on depression onset age and additional reproductive factors were included in the analysis. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios between reproductive factors and post-menopausal onset depression. RESULTS: A total of 276 women (5.7%) were diagnosed with depression after menopause. Longer reproductive years were associated with a reduced risk of depression (for more than 35 reproductive years: OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.62, P-trend<0.001). Similarly, a later age of menopause (52 years and older) corresponded to a decreased risk of depression (OR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.22-0.55) compared to the women with a menopausal age younger than 46 years. Greater numbers of pregnancies and exogenous hormone use were also associated with increased risk of depression. LIMITATIONS: All data were collected from interviews using questionnaires. There may be some inaccuracies in recall of lifetime reproductive events, but women generally recalled their hormonal events correctly. CONCLUSION: Early menopause and the use of exogenous hormones were associated with the risk of post-menopausal depression. Clinicians should closely monitor and consider further screening for depressed women who undergo early menopause or those with exogenous hormone use.
BACKGROUND: Although hypotheses have been proposed regarding the biological mechanisms of hormonal fluctuations in mood disorders, few epidemiological studies have addressed this issue. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hormone-related life events and postmenopausal depression. METHODS: Of 13,918 women who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V, a total of 4869 post-menopausal women who had completed information on depression onset age and additional reproductive factors were included in the analysis. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios between reproductive factors and post-menopausal onset depression. RESULTS: A total of 276 women (5.7%) were diagnosed with depression after menopause. Longer reproductive years were associated with a reduced risk of depression (for more than 35 reproductive years: OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.62, P-trend<0.001). Similarly, a later age of menopause (52 years and older) corresponded to a decreased risk of depression (OR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.22-0.55) compared to the women with a menopausal age younger than 46 years. Greater numbers of pregnancies and exogenous hormone use were also associated with increased risk of depression. LIMITATIONS: All data were collected from interviews using questionnaires. There may be some inaccuracies in recall of lifetime reproductive events, but women generally recalled their hormonal events correctly. CONCLUSION: Early menopause and the use of exogenous hormones were associated with the risk of post-menopausal depression. Clinicians should closely monitor and consider further screening for depressedwomen who undergo early menopause or those with exogenous hormone use.
Authors: Alison Berent-Spillson; Courtney Marsh; Carol Persad; John Randolph; Jon-Kar Zubieta; Yolanda Smith Journal: Psychoneuroendocrinology Date: 2016-09-05 Impact factor: 4.905
Authors: Daniela A Rodrigues; Ana I Plácido; Ana Bárbara Tavares; Daniela Azevedo; Ramona Mateos-Campos; Adolfo Figueiras; Maria Teresa Herdeiro; Fátima Roque Journal: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp Date: 2022-07-13