Christopher A Schutt1, Brandon Redding2, Hui Cao3, Elias Michaelides4. 1. Yale Department of Surgery Section of Otolaryngology, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: christopher.schutt@yale.edu. 2. Yale Department of Applied Physics, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: brandon.redding@yale.edu. 3. Yale Department of Applied Physics, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: hui.cao@yale.edu. 4. Yale Department of Surgery Section of Otolaryngology, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: elias.michaelides@yale.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Modern operative microscopes use light sources which possess the power to severely damage underlying tissue. Currently, manufacturers provide a safety warning of this possibility. However, they are unable to suggest specific settings due to a stated "lack of scientific publications on this topic". We aim to radiometrically evaluate multiple otologic microscopes at variables which effect irradiance in order to determine reference emissions levels and provide guidelines for improved intraoperative safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The optical radiance of four otologic microscopes was evaluated at variable field illumination sizes (spot size), intensity settings and working distances. The spectral emission of each microscope was separately measured. The energy absorbed in skin with representative properties was then calculated as a function of time for each microscope by accounting for the emission spectrum of the microscope and the absorption spectrum of skin. RESULTS: Microscopes showed a wide range of optical radiance based on model, spots size, intensity setting and working distances. Spectral emission of all four microscopes was centered in the visible spectrum with minimal ultraviolet or infrared contribution. A large amount of energy is absorbed by skin during usage of operative microscopes. The highest calculated absorption at 200 min of use was 736.26 J/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS: Operative microscopes have the ability to cause patient morbidity secondary to the energy they impart. In an effort to decrease potential injury we recommend that physicians be aware of their microscopes properties and how to control variables which effect irradiance of the skin. Published by Elsevier Inc.
PURPOSE: Modern operative microscopes use light sources which possess the power to severely damage underlying tissue. Currently, manufacturers provide a safety warning of this possibility. However, they are unable to suggest specific settings due to a stated "lack of scientific publications on this topic". We aim to radiometrically evaluate multiple otologic microscopes at variables which effect irradiance in order to determine reference emissions levels and provide guidelines for improved intraoperative safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The optical radiance of four otologic microscopes was evaluated at variable field illumination sizes (spot size), intensity settings and working distances. The spectral emission of each microscope was separately measured. The energy absorbed in skin with representative properties was then calculated as a function of time for each microscope by accounting for the emission spectrum of the microscope and the absorption spectrum of skin. RESULTS: Microscopes showed a wide range of optical radiance based on model, spots size, intensity setting and working distances. Spectral emission of all four microscopes was centered in the visible spectrum with minimal ultraviolet or infrared contribution. A large amount of energy is absorbed by skin during usage of operative microscopes. The highest calculated absorption at 200 min of use was 736.26 J/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS: Operative microscopes have the ability to cause patient morbidity secondary to the energy they impart. In an effort to decrease potential injury we recommend that physicians be aware of their microscopes properties and how to control variables which effect irradiance of the skin. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Authors: Evgenii Belykh; Eric J Miller; Arpan A Patel; Baran Bozkurt; Kaan Yağmurlu; Timothy R Robinson; Peter Nakaji; Robert F Spetzler; Michael T Lawton; Leonard Y Nelson; Eric J Seibel; Mark C Preul Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2018-08-22 Impact factor: 4.379