Regulation of processive motion and microtubule localization of cytoplasmic dynein.

The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor. Although its directionality is evolutionary well conserved, differences exist among cytoplasmic dyneins from different species in their stepping behaviour, maximum velocity and force production. Recent experiments also suggest differences in processivity regulation. In the present article, we give an overview of dynein's motile properties, with a special emphasis on processivity and its regulation. Furthermore, we summarize recent findings of different pathways for microtubule plus-end loading of dynein. The present review highlights how distinct functions in different cell types or organisms appear to require different mechanochemical dynein properties and localization pathways.