Prognostic significance of YY1 protein expression and mRNA levels by bioinformatics analysis in human cancers: a therapeutic target.

Conventional therapeutic treatments for various cancers include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and immunotherapy. While such therapies have resulted in clinical responses, they were coupled with non-tumor specificity, toxicity and resistance in a large subset of the treated patients. During the last decade, novel approaches based on scientific knowledge on the biology of cancer were exploited and led to the development of novel targeted therapies, such as specific chemical inhibitors and immune-based therapies. Although these targeted therapies resulted in better responses and less toxicity, there still remains the problem of the inherent or acquired resistance. Hence, current studies are seeking additional novel therapeutic targets that can overcome several mechanisms of resistance. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitous protein expressed in normal and cancer tissues, though the expression level is much higher in a large number of cancers; hence, YY1 has been considered as a potential novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. YY1 has been reported to be involved in the regulation of drug/immune resistance and also in the regulation of EMT. Several excellent reviews have been published on YY1 and cancer (see below), and, thus, this review will update recently published reports as well as report on the analysis of bioinformatics datasets for YY1 in various cancers and the relationship between reported protein expression and mRNA levels. The potential clinical significance of YY1 is discussed.