Cheryl B McCullumsmith1, Claire Z Kalpakjian2, J Scott Richards3, Martin Forchheimer2, Allen W Heinemann4, Elizabeth J Richardson3, Catherine S Wilson5, Jason Barber6, Nancy Temkin6, Charles H Bombardier7, Jesse R Fann7. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; Spain Rehabilitation Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Electronic address: cheryl.mccullumsmith@uc.edu. 2. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 3. Spain Rehabilitation Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 4. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL. 5. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL. 6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 7. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine unique associations of suicidal ideation (SI) and lifetime suicide attempts (SAs) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Outpatient. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with SCI (N=2533) who were 18 years or older with a history of traumatic SCI. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Any SI in the past 2 weeks (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) and any lifetime SA. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-three individuals (13.3%) reported SI in the past 2 weeks and 179 (7.4%) reported lifetime SA. After controlling for other factors, both lifetime SA and current SI were associated with study site and current level of depression. In addition, SA was associated with less education, younger age at injury, having current or past treatment of depression, and having bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. SI was associated with more years since injury and lifetime SA. Several psychological factors were associated with current SI and lifetime SAs, including lower environmental reward and less positive affect. In addition, control of one's community activities and spiritual well-being were associated with current SI. In bivariate comparisons, severity of SCI was also associated with the 47% of the SAs that occurred after injury. CONCLUSIONS: Several unique associations of SI and lifetime SA in individuals with SCI were identified, including level of environmental reward and control, spiritual well-being, and severity of SCI. These factors bear further investigation as prospective risk factors for suicidal behavior after SCI.
OBJECTIVE: To determine unique associations of suicidal ideation (SI) and lifetime suicide attempts (SAs) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING:Outpatient. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with SCI (N=2533) who were 18 years or older with a history of traumatic SCI. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Any SI in the past 2 weeks (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) and any lifetime SA. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-three individuals (13.3%) reported SI in the past 2 weeks and 179 (7.4%) reported lifetime SA. After controlling for other factors, both lifetime SA and current SI were associated with study site and current level of depression. In addition, SA was associated with less education, younger age at injury, having current or past treatment of depression, and having bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. SI was associated with more years since injury and lifetime SA. Several psychological factors were associated with current SI and lifetime SAs, including lower environmental reward and less positive affect. In addition, control of one's community activities and spiritual well-being were associated with current SI. In bivariate comparisons, severity of SCI was also associated with the 47% of the SAs that occurred after injury. CONCLUSIONS: Several unique associations of SI and lifetime SA in individuals with SCI were identified, including level of environmental reward and control, spiritual well-being, and severity of SCI. These factors bear further investigation as prospective risk factors for suicidal behavior after SCI.
Authors: Charles H Bombardier; Casey B Azuero; Jesse R Fann; Donald D Kautz; J Scott Richards; Sunil Sabharwal Journal: Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil Date: 2021