Sacha Dubois1, Nadia Mullen2, Bruce Weaver3, Michel Bédard4. 1. Research Department, St. Joseph's Care Group, 580 North Algoma Street, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5G4; Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Human Sciences Division, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1. Electronic address: duboiss@tbh.net. 2. Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1. 3. Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Human Sciences Division, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1. 4. Research Department, St. Joseph's Care Group, 580 North Algoma Street, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5G4; Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Human Sciences Division, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: Driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis alone is associated with increased crash risk. This study explores the combined influence of low levels of alcohol (BAC≤0.08) and cannabis on crash risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Drivers aged 20 years or older who had been tested for both drugs and alcohol after involvement in a fatal crash in the United States (1991-2008) were examined using a case-control design. Cases were drivers with at least one potentially unsafe driving action (UDA) recorded in relation to the crash (e.g., weaving); controls had none recorded. We examined the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, and both agents, for drivers involved in a fatal crash. Adjusted odds ratios of committing an UDA for alcohol alone, THC alone, and their combined effect were computed via logistic regression and adjusted for a number of potential confounders. RESULTS: Over the past two decades, the prevalence of THC and alcohol in car drivers involved in a fatal crash has increased approximately five-fold from below 2% in 1991 to above 10% in 2008. Each 0.01 BAC unit increased the odds of an UDA by approximately 9-11%. Drivers who were positive for THC alone had 16% increased odds of an UDA. When alcohol and THC were combined the odds of an UDA increased by approximately 8-10% for each 0.01 BAC unit increase over alcohol or THC alone. CONCLUSION: Drivers positive for both agents had greater odds of making an error than drivers positive for either alcohol or cannabis only. Further research is needed to better examine the interaction between cannabis concentration levels, alcohol, and driving. This research would support enforcement agencies and public health educators by highlighting the combined effect of cannabis at low BAC levels.
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES: Driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis alone is associated with increased crash risk. This study explores the combined influence of low levels of alcohol (BAC≤0.08) and cannabis on crash risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Drivers aged 20 years or older who had been tested for both drugs and alcohol after involvement in a fatal crash in the United States (1991-2008) were examined using a case-control design. Cases were drivers with at least one potentially unsafe driving action (UDA) recorded in relation to the crash (e.g., weaving); controls had none recorded. We examined the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, and both agents, for drivers involved in a fatal crash. Adjusted odds ratios of committing an UDA for alcohol alone, THC alone, and their combined effect were computed via logistic regression and adjusted for a number of potential confounders. RESULTS: Over the past two decades, the prevalence of THC and alcohol in car drivers involved in a fatal crash has increased approximately five-fold from below 2% in 1991 to above 10% in 2008. Each 0.01 BAC unit increased the odds of an UDA by approximately 9-11%. Drivers who were positive for THC alone had 16% increased odds of an UDA. When alcohol and THC were combined the odds of an UDA increased by approximately 8-10% for each 0.01 BAC unit increase over alcohol or THC alone. CONCLUSION: Drivers positive for both agents had greater odds of making an error than drivers positive for either alcohol or cannabis only. Further research is needed to better examine the interaction between cannabis concentration levels, alcohol, and driving. This research would support enforcement agencies and public health educators by highlighting the combined effect of cannabis at low BAC levels.
Authors: Kimberly M Caldeira; Amelia M Arria; Hannah K Allen; Brittany A Bugbee; Kathryn B Vincent; Kevin E O'Grady Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2017-09-18 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Benedikt Fischer; Cayley Russell; Pamela Sabioni; Wim van den Brink; Bernard Le Foll; Wayne Hall; Jürgen Rehm; Robin Room Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2017-06-23 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: G Andreuccetti; C J Cherpitel; H B Carvalho; V Leyton; I D Miziara; D R Munoz; A L Reingold; N P Lemos Journal: Injury Date: 2018-09-20 Impact factor: 2.586