Geneé S Smith1, Stephen K Van Den Eeden2, Roger Baxter2, Jun Shan2, Annelies Van Rie1, Amy H Herring3, David B Richardson1, Michael Emch4, Marilie D Gammon1. 1. Departments of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 2. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California. 3. Departments of Biostatistics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Departments of Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 4. Departments of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Departments of Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Departments of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A positive association between smoking and increased risk of tuberculosis disease is well documented for populations outside the USA. However, it is unclear whether smoking increases risk of tuberculosis in the USA, where both smoking prevalence and disease rates are much lower than in the countries where previous studies have been conducted. METHODS: To explore the tuberculosis-smoking association in a more generalisable US population-based sample, we conducted a nested case-control study among members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). We identified all newly diagnosed cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) disease between 1996 and 2010. Each of the 2380 cases were individually matched to two controls by age, gender and race/ethnicity. ORs and 95% CIs for the association between smoking status and PTB were calculated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for all matching factors. RESULTS: Increased PTB risk was observed among ever-smokers (OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.53), as well as current (OR=1.26; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.48) and past (OR=1.43; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.67) smokers, compared with never-smokers. Increased intensity and duration of smoking were also positively associated with PTB risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings among a more generalisable US population support the hypothesis that smoking increases risk of PTB, underscoring the importance of tobacco cessation and prevention programmes in eliminating tuberculosis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
BACKGROUND: A positive association between smoking and increased risk of tuberculosis disease is well documented for populations outside the USA. However, it is unclear whether smoking increases risk of tuberculosis in the USA, where both smoking prevalence and disease rates are much lower than in the countries where previous studies have been conducted. METHODS: To explore the tuberculosis-smoking association in a more generalisable US population-based sample, we conducted a nested case-control study among members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). We identified all newly diagnosed cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) disease between 1996 and 2010. Each of the 2380 cases were individually matched to two controls by age, gender and race/ethnicity. ORs and 95% CIs for the association between smoking status and PTB were calculated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for all matching factors. RESULTS: Increased PTB risk was observed among ever-smokers (OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.53), as well as current (OR=1.26; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.48) and past (OR=1.43; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.67) smokers, compared with never-smokers. Increased intensity and duration of smoking were also positively associated with PTB risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings among a more generalisable US population support the hypothesis that smoking increases risk of PTB, underscoring the importance of tobacco cessation and prevention programmes in eliminating tuberculosis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
Authors: Tengku Noor Farhana Tengku Khalid; Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad; Nik Rosmawati Nik Husain; Razan Ab Samat Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-06-07 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo; Laura C Rodrigues; Peter G Smith; Ibrahim Abubakar; Punam Mangtani Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2020-03-27 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: M Majigo; G Somi; A Joachim; J Manyahi; J Nondi; V Sambu; A Rwebembera; N Makyao; A Ramadhani; W Maokola; J Todd; M I Matee Journal: Trop Med Health Date: 2020-09-04
Authors: Tengku Noor Farhana Tengku Khalid; Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad; Razan Ab Samat; Nik Rosmawati Nik Husain Journal: PeerJ Date: 2022-09-06 Impact factor: 3.061
Authors: Yan Jin; Huanqiang Wang; Jianfang Zhang; Chunguang Ding; Ke Wen; Jingguang Fan; Tao Li Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2018-04-11 Impact factor: 3.295