Jihua Li1, Jun He1, Rui Tang2, Wei Hu3, Qing Lan3, Xingzhou He4, Yun Li1, Yunsheng Zhang1. 1. Qujing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qujing 655000, China. 2. Qujing Municipal Bureau of Health, Qujing 655000, China. 3. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA. 4. Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been proven that the lung cancer mortality rate in Xuanwei County, China was among the highest in the country and has been associated with exposure to indoor smoky coal emissions that contain high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This risk may be modified by variation in genetic polymorphisms and coal subtypes. Our objective was to use molecular epidemiological techniques to investigate the relationship among genetic polymorphisms, coal subtype and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei County. METHODS: On the basis of two population-based case-control studies in residents of Xuanwei County, China, questionnaires covering demographic information, smoking history, family and personal medical history, and information on other variables were administered and buccal cells and sputum samples were collected separately from each subject enrolled to extract DNA. GST superfamily, AKR1C3 superfamily, OGG1 superfamily and other genotype were scanned by useing PCR method. ORs and 95%CIs were used to estimate the association between genotypes, coal subtypes and lung cancer risk factors by conditional Logistic regression using Statistical Analysis Software. RESULTS: Compared with subjects who using smokeless coal or wood, smoky coal use was statistically significantly associated with lung cancer risk (OR=7.7, 95%CI: 4.5-13.3). There was marked heterogeneity in risk estimates for specific subtypes of smoky coal. Estimates were highest for coal from the Laibin (OR=24.8), Longtan (OR=11.6) and Baoshan (OR=6.0) coal types, and lower for coal from other types; the risk within the same subtype of coal in male and female were similar. The GSTM1-null genotype, the AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C>G), OGG1 (Ex6-315C>G) genotypes were closely associated with increased risk of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, and their odds ratios (95%CI) were 2.3 (1.3-4.2), 1.8 (1.0-3.5) and 1.9 (1.1-3.3), respectively. Compared to subjects who with GSTM1-positive and used less than 130 tons of smoky coal during their lifetime, higher risks were closely associated with GSTM1-null and heavier users (≥130 tons), with the OR was 4.9 (95%CI: 1.3-18.2) and 2.7 (95%CI: 1.0-7.4) for female and male, respectively. However, higher risks were only found within female for AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C>G) and OGG1 (Ex6-315C>G), with OR (95%CI)=12.9 (2.2-107.8) and 5.7 (1.1-34.2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer risks varied among coal subtypes; however, risks were similar between men and women exposed to the same type of coal. The GSTM1-null genotype may enhance susceptibility to air pollution from indoor smoky coal combustion emissions. AKR1C3 and OGG1 genotypes were significantly associated with higher risk of lung cancer, especially among heavily exposed women.
BACKGROUND: It has been proven that the lung cancer mortality rate in Xuanwei County, China was among the highest in the country and has been associated with exposure to indoor smoky coal emissions that contain high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This risk may be modified by variation in genetic polymorphisms and coal subtypes. Our objective was to use molecular epidemiological techniques to investigate the relationship among genetic polymorphisms, coal subtype and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei County. METHODS: On the basis of two population-based case-control studies in residents of Xuanwei County, China, questionnaires covering demographic information, smoking history, family and personal medical history, and information on other variables were administered and buccal cells and sputum samples were collected separately from each subject enrolled to extract DNA. GST superfamily, AKR1C3 superfamily, OGG1 superfamily and other genotype were scanned by useing PCR method. ORs and 95%CIs were used to estimate the association between genotypes, coal subtypes and lung cancer risk factors by conditional Logistic regression using Statistical Analysis Software. RESULTS: Compared with subjects who using smokeless coal or wood, smoky coal use was statistically significantly associated with lung cancer risk (OR=7.7, 95%CI: 4.5-13.3). There was marked heterogeneity in risk estimates for specific subtypes of smoky coal. Estimates were highest for coal from the Laibin (OR=24.8), Longtan (OR=11.6) and Baoshan (OR=6.0) coal types, and lower for coal from other types; the risk within the same subtype of coal in male and female were similar. The GSTM1-null genotype, the AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C>G), OGG1 (Ex6-315C>G) genotypes were closely associated with increased risk of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, and their odds ratios (95%CI) were 2.3 (1.3-4.2), 1.8 (1.0-3.5) and 1.9 (1.1-3.3), respectively. Compared to subjects who with GSTM1-positive and used less than 130 tons of smoky coal during their lifetime, higher risks were closely associated with GSTM1-null and heavier users (≥130 tons), with the OR was 4.9 (95%CI: 1.3-18.2) and 2.7 (95%CI: 1.0-7.4) for female and male, respectively. However, higher risks were only found within female for AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C>G) and OGG1 (Ex6-315C>G), with OR (95%CI)=12.9 (2.2-107.8) and 5.7 (1.1-34.2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Lung cancer risks varied among coal subtypes; however, risks were similar between men and women exposed to the same type of coal. The GSTM1-null genotype may enhance susceptibility to air pollution from indoor smoky coal combustion emissions. AKR1C3 and OGG1 genotypes were significantly associated with higher risk of lung cancer, especially among heavily exposed women.
不同煤种的肺癌危险性ORs of lung cancer in relation to coal type按男女性别分层后的煤种与肺癌风险分析显示男性和女性的肺癌风险与煤种的关联相似(图 2)。燃用来宾烟煤对于男性和女性的肺癌风险与燃用无烟煤和木柴相比皆为最高,分别为OR=25.2(95%CI: 9.4-67.3)和26.4(95%CI: 9.6-72.6);龙潭其次,分别为OR=14.8(95% CI: 4.2-51.5)和9.4(95%CI: 2.8-31.1)。与女性肺癌关联度大的煤种也与男性肺癌有很强关联(男性与女性OR的Spearman相关系数为0.89,P=0.000, 5)。另外,按吸烟与未吸烟分层分析显示肺癌风险在吸烟者与非吸烟者之间相似。本研究对煤种与肺癌风险关联性的分析结果进一步提供了家用不同的煤种的肺癌风险存在较大差异的依据。
2
按性别分层的不同煤种的肺癌危险性
ORs of lung cancer in relation to coal type, stratified by gender
按性别分层的不同煤种的肺癌危险性ORs of lung cancer in relation to coal type, stratified by gender
GSTM1-null, AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C > G), and OGG1 (Ex6-315C > G) genotype and lung cancer risk
GSTM1缺失基因型和AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C > G)和OGG1 (Ex6-315C > G)基因型和肺癌风险GSTM1-null, AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C > G), and OGG1 (Ex6-315C > G) genotype and lung cancer risk对于家用烟煤累积用量小[ < 130 t(对照组的烟煤累积用量的均值)],与基因型为GSTM1阳性的研究对象相比,具有GSTM1缺失基因型的女性肺癌风险OR为2.2(95%CI: 0.5-9.3),男性OR为1.5(95%CI: 0.6-3.7);但对于家用烟煤累积用大(≥130 t)的研究对象,具有GSTM1缺失基因型的肺癌风险在女性中OR为4.9(95%CI: 1.3-18.2),男性OR为2.7(95%CI: 1.0-7.4)(表 1)。这提示无论男女,GSTM1基因型与燃用烟煤有联合效应。与GSTM1基因型不同的是,AKR1C3和OGG1基因型仅在燃用烟煤量很高的女性当中显示出明显的高肺癌风险[OR(95%CI)分别为12.9(2.2-107.8)和5.7(1.1-34.2)]。由于这两种基因型在BaP的代谢途径中发挥重要作用,这提示可能与女性在家里烧火做饭暴露于高浓度的PAHs有关。
1
按性别与烟煤用量分层的AKR1C3、OGG1和GSTM1基因型与肺癌风险(ORs和95%CIs)
AKR1C3, OGG1, and GSTM1 genotype and lung cancer risk (ORs and 95%CIs), by sex and level of the lifetime exposure to smoky coal combustion
Genotype
Female
Male
Level of smoky coal use < 130 t
Level of smoky coal use≥130 t
Level of smoky coal use < 130 t
Level of smoky coal use≥130 t
ORs: odds ratios.
GSTM1 null vs positive
2.2 (0.5-9.3)
4.9 (1.3-18.2)
1.5 (0.6-3.7)
2.7 (1.0-7.4)
AKR1C3 (Ex1-70C > G)
GG vs CC+GC
1.00 (0.2-5.8)
12.9 (2.2-107.8)
1.5 (0.5-4.4)
0.9 (0.2-5.0)
OGG1 (Ex6-315C > G)
GG+GC vs CC
1.3 (0.3-5.3)
5.7 (1.1-34.2)
1.1 (0.5-2.9)
2.0 (0.7-5.6)
按性别与烟煤用量分层的AKR1C3、OGG1和GSTM1基因型与肺癌风险(ORs和95%CIs)AKR1C3, OGG1, and GSTM1 genotype and lung cancer risk (ORs and 95%CIs), by sex and level of the lifetime exposure to smoky coal combustion
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