Ca2+ and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase regulate the formation of silk fibers with favorable mechanical properties.

Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are crucial for the conformational transition of silk fibroin in vitro, and silk fibroin conformations correlate with the mechanical properties of silk fibers. To investigate the relationship between Ca(2+) and mechanical properties of silk fibers, CaCl2 was injected into silkworms (Bombyx mori). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and mechanical testing revealed that injection of CaCl2 solution (7.5mg/g body weight) significantly increased the levels of α-helix and random coil structures of silk proteins. In addition, extension of silk fibers increased after CaCl2 injection. In mammals, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in muscle and endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in other tissues (together denoted by SERCA) are responsible for calcium balance. Therefore, we analyzed the expression pattern of silkworm SERCA (BmSERCA) in silk glands and found that BmSERCA was abundant in the anterior silk gland (ASG). After injection of thapsigargin (TG) to block SERCA activity, silkworms showed a silk-spinning deficiency and their cocoons had higher calcium content compared to that of controls. Moreover, FTIR analysis revealed that the levels of α-helix and β-sheet structures increased in silk fibers from TG-injected silkworms compared to controls. The results provide evidence that BmSERCA has a key function in calcium transportation in ASG that is related to maintaining a suitable ionic environment. This ionic environment with a proper Ca(2+) concentration is crucial for the formation of silk fibers with favorable mechanical performances.