Brandon D L Marshall1, Don Operario2, Kendall J Bryant3, Robert L Cook4, E Jennifer Edelman5, Julie R Gaither6, Adam J Gordon7, Christopher W Kahler8, Stephen A Maisto9, Kathleen A McGinnis10, Jacob J van den Berg11, Nickolas D Zaller12, Amy C Justice13, David A Fiellin5. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: brandon_marshall@brown.edu. 2. Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA. 3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 6000 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. 4. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 367 Cedar Street, PO Box 20802, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510-2483, USA. 6. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510-2483, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA. 7. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (Mailcode 151-C-H), 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University Drive (151-C), Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA. 8. Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies and the Alcohol Research Center on HIV (ARCH), Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA. 9. Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 University Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. 10. VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. 11. Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, USA. 12. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham #820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. 13. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 367 Cedar Street, PO Box 20802, New Haven, CT 06520-8025, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510-2483, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although high rates of alcohol consumption and related problems have been observed among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), little is known about the long-term patterns of and factors associated with hazardous alcohol use in this population. We sought to identify alcohol use trajectories and correlates of hazardous alcohol use among HIV-infected MSM. METHODS: Sexually active, HIV-infected MSM participating in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study were eligible for inclusion. Participants were recruited from VA infectious disease clinics in Atlanta, Baltimore, New York, Houston, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Washington, DC. Data from annual self-reported assessments and group-based trajectory models were used to identify distinct alcohol use trajectories over an eight-year study period (2002-2010). We then used generalized estimate equations (GEE) to examine longitudinal correlates of hazardous alcohol use (defined as an AUDIT-C score ≥4). RESULTS: Among 1065 participants, the mean age was 45.5 (SD=9.2) and 606 (58.2%) were African American. Baseline hazardous alcohol use was reported by 309 (29.3%). Group-based trajectory modeling revealed a distinct group (12.5% of the sample) with consistently hazardous alcohol use, characterized by a mean AUDIT-C score of >5 at every time point. In a GEE-based multivariable model, hazardous alcohol use was associated with earning <$6000 annually, having an alcohol-related diagnosis, using cannabis, and using cocaine. CONCLUSIONS: More than 1 in 10 HIV-infected MSM US veterans reported consistent, long-term hazardous alcohol use. Financial insecurity and concurrent substance use were predictors of consistently hazardous alcohol use, and may be modifiable targets for intervention.
BACKGROUND: Although high rates of alcohol consumption and related problems have been observed among HIV-infectedmen who have sex with men (MSM), little is known about the long-term patterns of and factors associated with hazardous alcohol use in this population. We sought to identify alcohol use trajectories and correlates of hazardous alcohol use among HIV-infected MSM. METHODS: Sexually active, HIV-infected MSM participating in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study were eligible for inclusion. Participants were recruited from VA infectious disease clinics in Atlanta, Baltimore, New York, Houston, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Washington, DC. Data from annual self-reported assessments and group-based trajectory models were used to identify distinct alcohol use trajectories over an eight-year study period (2002-2010). We then used generalized estimate equations (GEE) to examine longitudinal correlates of hazardous alcohol use (defined as an AUDIT-C score ≥4). RESULTS: Among 1065 participants, the mean age was 45.5 (SD=9.2) and 606 (58.2%) were African American. Baseline hazardous alcohol use was reported by 309 (29.3%). Group-based trajectory modeling revealed a distinct group (12.5% of the sample) with consistently hazardous alcohol use, characterized by a mean AUDIT-C score of >5 at every time point. In a GEE-based multivariable model, hazardous alcohol use was associated with earning <$6000 annually, having an alcohol-related diagnosis, using cannabis, and using cocaine. CONCLUSIONS: More than 1 in 10 HIV-infected MSM US veterans reported consistent, long-term hazardous alcohol use. Financial insecurity and concurrent substance use were predictors of consistently hazardous alcohol use, and may be modifiable targets for intervention.
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