Eva Crosas-Molist1, Thayna Meirelles1, Judit López-Luque1, Carla Serra-Peinado1, Javier Selva1, Laia Caja1, Darya Gorbenko Del Blanco1, Juan José Uriarte1, Esther Bertran1, Yolanda Mendizábal1, Vanessa Hernández1, Carolina García-Calero1, Oscar Busnadiego1, Enric Condom1, David Toral1, Manel Castellà1, Alberto Forteza1, Daniel Navajas1, Elisabet Sarri1, Fernando Rodríguez-Pascual1, Harry C Dietz1, Isabel Fabregat1, Gustavo Egea2. 1. From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.). 2. From the Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences (E.C.-M., T.M., C.S.-P, J.S., D.G, Y.M., V.H., E.S., G.E.), Departments of Physiological Sciences I (J.J.U., D.N.) and Physiological Sciences II (I.F.), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics (E.C.), University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (M.C., G.E.); Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain (G.E.); Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (D.N.); Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil (T.M.); Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-M., J.L.-L. L.C., E.B., I.F.); Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (O.B., F.R.-P.); Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-C., E.C., D.T.); Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain (M.C.); Cardiac Surgery Department, Marfan Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain (A.F.); and William S. Smilow Center for Marfan Syndrome Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (H.C.D.). gegea@ub.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Marfan's syndrome is characterized by the formation of ascending aortic aneurysms resulting from altered assembly of extracellular matrix microfibrils and chronic tissue growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. TGF-β is a potent regulator of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. We hypothesized that as a result of the chronic TGF-β signaling, VSMC would alter their basal differentiation phenotype, which could facilitate the formation of aneurysms. This study explores whether Marfan's syndrome entails phenotypic alterations of VSMC and possible mechanisms at the subcellular level. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses of dilated aortas from Marfan patients showed overexpression of contractile protein markers (α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, smooth muscle protein 22 alpha, and calponin-1) and collagen I in comparison with healthy aortas. VSMC explanted from Marfan aortic aneurysms showed increased in vitro expression of these phenotypic markers and also of myocardin, a transcription factor essential for VSMC-specific differentiation. These alterations were generally reduced after pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β pathway. Marfan VSMC in culture showed more robust actin stress fibers and enhanced RhoA-GTP levels, which was accompanied by increased focal adhesion components and higher nuclear localization of myosin-related transcription factor A. Marfan VSMC and extracellular matrix measured by atomic force microscopy were both stiffer than their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS: In Marfan VSMC, both in tissue and in culture, there are variable TGF-β-dependent phenotypic changes affecting contractile proteins and collagen I, leading to greater cellular and extracellular matrix stiffness. Altogether, these alterations may contribute to the known aortic rigidity that precedes or accompanies Marfan's syndrome aneurysm formation.
OBJECTIVE:Marfan's syndrome is characterized by the formation of ascending aortic aneurysms resulting from altered assembly of extracellular matrix microfibrils and chronic tissue growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. TGF-β is a potent regulator of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. We hypothesized that as a result of the chronic TGF-β signaling, VSMC would alter their basal differentiation phenotype, which could facilitate the formation of aneurysms. This study explores whether Marfan's syndrome entails phenotypic alterations of VSMC and possible mechanisms at the subcellular level. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses of dilated aortas from Marfan patients showed overexpression of contractile protein markers (α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, smooth muscle protein 22 alpha, and calponin-1) and collagen I in comparison with healthy aortas. VSMC explanted from Marfan aortic aneurysms showed increased in vitro expression of these phenotypic markers and also of myocardin, a transcription factor essential for VSMC-specific differentiation. These alterations were generally reduced after pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β pathway. Marfan VSMC in culture showed more robust actin stress fibers and enhanced RhoA-GTP levels, which was accompanied by increased focal adhesion components and higher nuclear localization of myosin-related transcription factor A. Marfan VSMC and extracellular matrix measured by atomic force microscopy were both stiffer than their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS: In Marfan VSMC, both in tissue and in culture, there are variable TGF-β-dependent phenotypic changes affecting contractile proteins and collagen I, leading to greater cellular and extracellular matrix stiffness. Altogether, these alterations may contribute to the known aortic rigidity that precedes or accompanies Marfan's syndrome aneurysm formation.