Task-switching effects for visual and auditory pro- and antisaccades: evidence for a task-set inertia.

The completion of an antisaccade delays the reaction time (RT) of a subsequent prosaccade; however, the converse switch does not influence RT. In accounting for this result, the task-set inertia hypothesis contends that antisaccades engender a persistent nonstandard task-set that delays the planning of a subsequent prosaccade. In contrast, the coordinate system transformation hypothesis asserts that the transformation required to construct a mirror-symmetrical target representation persistently inhibits prosaccade planning. The authors tested the latter hypothesis by examining switch-costs for pro- and antisaccades directed to visual (i.e., the stimuli used in previous work) and auditory targets. Notably, auditory cues are specified in a head-centered frame of reference prior to their conversion into the retinocentric coordinates necessary for saccade output. Thus, if the coordinate system transformation hypothesis is correct then auditory pro- and antisaccades should elicit a bidirectional switch-cost because each requires a coordinate transformation. RTs for visual and auditory modalities showed a reliable--and equivalent magnitude--prosaccade switch-cost. Moreover, performance (e.g., movement time) and kinematic (e.g., velocity) variables indicated the switch-cost was restricted to response planning. As such, results are incompatible with the coordinate system transformation hypothesis and therefore provide convergent evidence that a task-set inertia contributes to the prosaccade switch-cost.