Hua Shen1, Susana Cavallero1, Kristine D Estrada1, Ionel Sandovici2, S Ram Kumar3, Takako Makita4, Ching-Ling Lien4, Miguel Constancia2, Henry M Sucov5. 1. Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, BCC-511, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. 2. MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 3. Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 4. Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 5. Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo Street, BCC-511, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA sucov@usc.edu.
Abstract
AIMS: The strategies that control formation of the ventricular wall during heart development are not well understood. In previous studies, we documented IGF2 as a major mitogenic signal that controls ventricular cardiomyocyte proliferation and chamber wall expansion. Our objective in this study was to define the tissue source of IGF2 in heart development and the upstream pathways that control its expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a number of mouse genetic tools, we confirm that the critical source of IGF2 is the epicardium. We find that epicardial Igf2 expression is controlled in a biphasic manner, first induced by erythropoietin and then regulated by oxygen and glucose with onset of placental function. Both processes are independently controlled by retinoic acid signalling. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ventricular wall cardiomyocyte proliferation is subdivided into distinct regulatory phases. Each involves instructive cues that originate outside the heart and thereby act on the epicardium in an endocrine manner, a mode of regulation that is mostly unknown in embryogenesis. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
AIMS: The strategies that control formation of the ventricular wall during heart development are not well understood. In previous studies, we documented IGF2 as a major mitogenic signal that controls ventricular cardiomyocyte proliferation and chamber wall expansion. Our objective in this study was to define the tissue source of IGF2 in heart development and the upstream pathways that control its expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a number of mouse genetic tools, we confirm that the critical source of IGF2 is the epicardium. We find that epicardial Igf2 expression is controlled in a biphasic manner, first induced by erythropoietin and then regulated by oxygen and glucose with onset of placental function. Both processes are independently controlled by retinoic acid signalling. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ventricular wall cardiomyocyte proliferation is subdivided into distinct regulatory phases. Each involves instructive cues that originate outside the heart and thereby act on the epicardium in an endocrine manner, a mode of regulation that is mostly unknown in embryogenesis. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
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