Evolutionary physiology of bone: bone metabolism in changing environments.

Bone evolved to serve many mechanical and physiological functions. Osteocytes and bone remodeling first appeared in the dermal skeleton of fish, and subsequently adapted to various challenges in terrestrial animals occupying diverse environments. This review discusses the physiology of bone and its role in mechanical and calcium homeostases from an evolutionary perspective. We review how bone physiology responds to changing environments and the adaptations to unique and extreme physiological conditions. ©2015 Int. Union Physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc.