Advances in pediatric neuroimaging.

Conventional MRI protocols are an integral part of routine clinical imaging in pediatric patients. The advent of several newer MRI techniques provides crucial insight into the structural integrity and functional aspects of the developing brain, especially with the introduction of 3T MRI systems in clinical practice. The field of pediatric neuroimaging continues to evolve, with greater emphasis on high spatial resolution, faster scan time, as well as a quest for visualization of the functional aspects of the human brain. MR vendors are increasingly focusing on optimizing MR technology to make it suitable for children, in whom as compared to adults the head size is usually smaller and demonstrates inherent neuroanatomical differences relating to brain development. The eventual goal of these advances would be to evolve as potential biomarkers for predicting neurodevelopment outcomes and prognostication, in addition to their utility in routine diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. Advanced MR techniques like diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, MR perfusion, spectroscopy, volumetric imaging and arterial spin labeling add to our understanding of normal brain development and pathophysiology of various neurological disease processes. This review is primarily focused on outlining advanced MR techniques and their current and potential pediatric neuroimaging applications as well as providing a brief overview of advances in hardware and machine design.