Postextubation Dysphagia.

Postextubation dysphagia (PED) is a common problem in critically ill patients with recent intubation. Although several risk factors have been identified, most of them are nonmodifiable preexisting or concurrent conditions. Early extubation, small endotracheal tube size, and small bore of nasogastric tube potentially decrease the risk of PED. The majority of patients receive treatment based on only bedside swallow evaluations, which has an uncertain diagnostic accuracy as opposed to gold standard instrumental tests. Therefore, the treatment decision for patients may not be appropriately directed for each individual. Current treatments are mainly focused on dietary modifications and postural changes/compensatory maneuvers rather than interventions, but recent studies have shown limited proven benefits. Direct therapies in oromotor control, such as therapeutic exercises and neuromuscular stimulations, should be considered as potential effective treatments.