Franco Zoppo1, Stefania Rizzo2, Andrea Corrado3, Emanuele Bertaglia4, Gianfranco Buja3, Gaetano Thiene5, Cristina Basso2. 1. Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Civil Hospital, Mirano-Venice, Italy. 2. Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. 3. Electrophysiology, Cardiology Department, Civil Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy. 4. Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. 5. Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: gaetano.thiene@unipd.it.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Permanent atrial pacing usually involves lead placement in the right atrial appendage (RAA). Anatomical studies addressing features predisposing to complications are scanty. OBJECTIVE: To assess the morphology of RAA in the perspective of pacing, including the morphology of tenia sagittalis (TS) and the spatial relationship with the aorta. METHODS: The gross anatomy of the RAA has been analyzed in a consecutive series of 100 hearts following a case of iatrogenic perforation of the aorta by active fixation lead located in the RAA. Transmural RAA sections were taken from 40 hearts to assess the wall thickness at the level of pectinate muscles (PMs) and of inter-PMs spaces and the distance between adjacent PMs. RESULTS: The TS was present in 90% of cases (single trunk, 76%; double trunk, 13%; and triple trunk, 1%), demarcating the proximal antral RAA region (facing the adjacent aorta) from the distal saccular RAA region (facing the pulmonary infundibulum). The RAA free wall in the inter-PMs spaces is usually paper-thin and translucent. Histomorphometric analysis reveals that the RAA wall mean thickness was 1.38 ± 0.05 mm (range 0.64-4.25 mm) at the level of PMs and 0.39 ± 0.23 mm (range 0.09-1.05 mm) at the level of inter-PMs spaces. The mean distance between adjacent PMs was 0.88 ± 0.99 mm (range 0.04-4.12 mm). CONCLUSION: In 90% of hearts, a well-defined TS separates the distal saccular from the proximal antral RAA, the latter being closely adjacent to the ascending aorta. The paper-thin wall between PMs is potentially at risk of perforation, and aortic injury could occur when active fixation leads are anchored in the antral RAA, as demonstrated in an iatrogenic fatal case.
BACKGROUND: Permanent atrial pacing usually involves lead placement in the right atrial appendage (RAA). Anatomical studies addressing features predisposing to complications are scanty. OBJECTIVE: To assess the morphology of RAA in the perspective of pacing, including the morphology of tenia sagittalis (TS) and the spatial relationship with the aorta. METHODS: The gross anatomy of the RAA has been analyzed in a consecutive series of 100 hearts following a case of iatrogenic perforation of the aorta by active fixation lead located in the RAA. Transmural RAA sections were taken from 40 hearts to assess the wall thickness at the level of pectinate muscles (PMs) and of inter-PMs spaces and the distance between adjacent PMs. RESULTS: The TS was present in 90% of cases (single trunk, 76%; double trunk, 13%; and triple trunk, 1%), demarcating the proximal antral RAA region (facing the adjacent aorta) from the distal saccular RAA region (facing the pulmonary infundibulum). The RAA free wall in the inter-PMs spaces is usually paper-thin and translucent. Histomorphometric analysis reveals that the RAA wall mean thickness was 1.38 ± 0.05 mm (range 0.64-4.25 mm) at the level of PMs and 0.39 ± 0.23 mm (range 0.09-1.05 mm) at the level of inter-PMs spaces. The mean distance between adjacent PMs was 0.88 ± 0.99 mm (range 0.04-4.12 mm). CONCLUSION: In 90% of hearts, a well-defined TS separates the distal saccular from the proximal antral RAA, the latter being closely adjacent to the ascending aorta. The paper-thin wall between PMs is potentially at risk of perforation, and aortic injury could occur when active fixation leads are anchored in the antral RAA, as demonstrated in an iatrogenic fatal case.