Milena Černá1, Marek Malý2, Peter Rudnai3, Szilvia Középesy3, Miklós Náray4, Katarina Halzlová5, Michal Jajcaj5, Anna Grafnetterová2, Andrea Krsková2, Danuše Antošová2, Kateřina Forysová6, Elly Den Hond7, Greet Schoeters8, Reinhard Joas9, Ludwine Casteleyn10, Anke Joas9, Pierre Biot11, Dominique Aerts11, Jürgen Angerer12, Louis Bloemen13, Argelia Castaño14, Marta Esteban14, Holger M Koch12, Marike Kolossa-Gehring15, Arno C Gutleb16, Jana Pavloušková2, Karel Vrbík2. 1. National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic; Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: mcerna@szu.cz. 2. National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic. 3. National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary. 4. National Labour Office, Department for Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary. 5. Authority of Public Health of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia. 6. Public Health Agency based in Liberec, Czech Republic. 7. Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Belgium. 8. VITO, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. 9. BiPRO, Munich, Germany. 10. KU Leuven-Centrum Menselijke Erfelijkheid, Belgium. 11. Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment-DG Environment, Brussels, Belgium. 12. Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany. 13. Environmental Health Sciences International, Hulst, The Netherlands. 14. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. 15. Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany. 16. Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Phthalates and their metabolites are classified as endocrine modulators. They affect the hormonal balance in both children and adults. The aim of this publication was to compare the urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in selected populations of the Czech Republic (CZ), Slovakia (SK), and Hungary (HU) in relation to the sources of phthalate exposure identified by means of questionnaire (personal care products, floor and wall coverings, plastic toys, and some kinds of foods). METHODS: Data were obtained through the twin projects COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) and DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) from 2009 to 2012. The target groups were children aged 6-11 years old and their mothers up to 45 years of age. The metabolites of phthalates (monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5OXO-MEHP)) were analysed in first morning urine samples. After enzymatic glucuronide cleavage, the urine sample analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in one laboratory that qualified in the External Quality Assessment exercises organised by COPHES. RESULTS: Significant differences in phthalate exposure between countries were revealed for children only but not for mothers. The concentrations of 5-OH-MEHP (P<0.001), 5OXO-MEHP (P<0.001), and their sum (P<0.001) were the highest in SK compared to CZ and HU. The health based guidance values for the sum of DEHP metabolites 5-OH MEHP and 5OXO-MEHP established by the German Commission for biomonitoring of 300 µg/L and 500 µg/L for women adults and children, respectively, were only exceeded in one mother and three boys. A significant difference was also found for MEP (P=0.0149), with the highest concentrations detected in HU. In all countries, the increasing frequency of using personal care products significantly elevated the concentrations of MEP. CONCLUSION: Some differences were observed between countries in the concentrations of individual urinary phthalate metabolites in children. However, the questionnaire results give no direct explanation for the differences between the countries except the variation in using personal care products.
OBJECTIVE: Phthalates and their metabolites are classified as endocrine modulators. They affect the hormonal balance in both children and adults. The aim of this publication was to compare the urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in selected populations of the Czech Republic (CZ), Slovakia (SK), and Hungary (HU) in relation to the sources of phthalate exposure identified by means of questionnaire (personal care products, floor and wall coverings, plastic toys, and some kinds of foods). METHODS: Data were obtained through the twin projects COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) and DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) from 2009 to 2012. The target groups were children aged 6-11 years old and their mothers up to 45 years of age. The metabolites of phthalates (monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5OXO-MEHP)) were analysed in first morning urine samples. After enzymatic glucuronide cleavage, the urine sample analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in one laboratory that qualified in the External Quality Assessment exercises organised by COPHES. RESULTS: Significant differences in phthalate exposure between countries were revealed for children only but not for mothers. The concentrations of 5-OH-MEHP (P<0.001), 5OXO-MEHP (P<0.001), and their sum (P<0.001) were the highest in SK compared to CZ and HU. The health based guidance values for the sum of DEHP metabolites 5-OH MEHP and 5OXO-MEHP established by the German Commission for biomonitoring of 300 µg/L and 500 µg/L for women adults and children, respectively, were only exceeded in one mother and three boys. A significant difference was also found for MEP (P=0.0149), with the highest concentrations detected in HU. In all countries, the increasing frequency of using personal care products significantly elevated the concentrations of MEP. CONCLUSION: Some differences were observed between countries in the concentrations of individual urinary phthalate metabolites in children. However, the questionnaire results give no direct explanation for the differences between the countries except the variation in using personal care products.
Authors: Elizabeth Cullen; David Evans; Chris Griffin; Padraig Burke; Rory Mannion; Damien Burns; Andrew Flanagan; Ann Kellegher; Greet Schoeters; Eva Govarts; Pierre Biot; Ludwine Casteleyn; Argelia Castaño; Marike Kolossa-Gehring; Marta Esteban; Gerda Schwedler; Holger M Koch; Jürgen Angerer; Lisbeth E Knudsen; Reinhard Joas; Anke Joas; Birgit Dumez; Ovnair Sepai; Karen Exley; Dominique Aerts Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2017-11-25 Impact factor: 3.390
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Authors: Rose O Sulentic; Irina Dumitrascu; Nicole C Deziel; Anca E Gurzau Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-09-25 Impact factor: 3.390