Dale J Langford1, Brian Schmidt2, Jon D Levine3, Gary Abrams3, Charles Elboim4, Laura Esserman3, Deborah Hamolsky1, Judy Mastick1, Steven M Paul1, Bruce Cooper1, Kord Kober1, Marylin Dodd1, Laura Dunn3, Bradley Aouizerat5, Christine Miaskowski6. 1. School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 2. School of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, USA. 3. School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 4. Redwood Regional Medical Group, Santa Rosa, California, USA. 5. School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 6. School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. Electronic address: chris.miaskowski@nursing.ucsf.edu.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Approximately 30% of the women report pain in the affected breast before breast cancer surgery. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this secondary analysis of our prospective study was to determine how women who experienced both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain (n=107) differed from women who did not report preoperative breast pain and did (n=158) or did not (n=122) experience persistent postsurgical breast pain. METHODS: Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Linear mixed effects (LME) modeling was used to evaluate for group differences in symptom severity, function, sensation, and quality of life (QOL) over time. RESULTS: Between-group differences in demographic and clinical characteristics as well as trajectories of shoulder function and QOL were identified. Women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain were younger; were more likely to report swelling, strange sensations, hardness, and numbness in the affected breast before surgery; and were more likely to have reconstruction at the time of surgery. Women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain had more biopsies in the prior year, more lymph nodes removed, and reported more severe acute postsurgical pain than women without preoperative breast pain. The LME modeling revealed significant group effects for most outcomes evaluated. Over the six months of the study, women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical pain had persistently poorer shoulder flexion and physical well-being than women without preoperative breast pain. CONCLUSION: Investigations of the etiology and molecular mechanisms of preoperative breast pain, as well as interventions for this high-risk group, are needed.
CONTEXT: Approximately 30% of the women report pain in the affected breast before breast cancer surgery. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this secondary analysis of our prospective study was to determine how women who experienced both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain (n=107) differed from women who did not report preoperative breast pain and did (n=158) or did not (n=122) experience persistent postsurgical breast pain. METHODS: Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Linear mixed effects (LME) modeling was used to evaluate for group differences in symptom severity, function, sensation, and quality of life (QOL) over time. RESULTS: Between-group differences in demographic and clinical characteristics as well as trajectories of shoulder function and QOL were identified. Women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain were younger; were more likely to report swelling, strange sensations, hardness, and numbness in the affected breast before surgery; and were more likely to have reconstruction at the time of surgery. Women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical breast pain had more biopsies in the prior year, more lymph nodes removed, and reported more severe acute postsurgical pain than women without preoperative breast pain. The LME modeling revealed significant group effects for most outcomes evaluated. Over the six months of the study, women with both preoperative and persistent postsurgical pain had persistently poorer shoulder flexion and physical well-being than women without preoperative breast pain. CONCLUSION: Investigations of the etiology and molecular mechanisms of preoperative breast pain, as well as interventions for this high-risk group, are needed.
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