Memory B cells in transplantation.

Much of the research on the humoral response to allografts has focused on circulating serum antibodies and the long-lived plasma cells that produce these antibodies. In contrast, the interrogation of the quiescent memory B cell compartment is technically more challenging and thus has not been incorporated into the clinical diagnostic or prognostic toolkit. In this review, we discuss new technologies that have allowed this heretofore enigmatic subset of B cells to be identified at quiescence and during a recall response. These technologies in experimental models are providing new insights into memory B cell heterogeneity with respect to their phenotype, cellular function, and the antibodies they produce. Similar technologies are also allowing for the identification of comparable memory alloreactive B cells in transplant recipients. Although much of the focus in transplant immunology has been on controlling the alloreactive B cell population, long-term transplant patient survival is also critically dependent on protection by pathogen-specific memory B cells. Techniques are available that allow the interrogation of memory B cell response to pathogen re-encounter. Thus, we are poised in our ability to investigate how immunosuppression affects allospecific and pathogen-specific memory B cells, and reason that these investigations can yield new insights that will be beneficial for graft and patient survival.