Konstantinos Angelis1, Jan Albert2, Ioannis Mamais1, Gkikas Magiorkinis3, Angelos Hatzakis1, Osamah Hamouda4, Daniel Struck5, Jurgen Vercauteren6, Annemarie M J Wensing7, Ivailo Alexiev8, Birgitta Åsjö9, Claudia Balotta10, Ricardo J Camacho11, Suzie Coughlan12, Algirdas Griskevicius13, Zehava Grossman14, Andrzej Horban15, Leondios G Kostrikis16, Snjezana Lepej17, Kirsi Liitsola18, Marek Linka19, Claus Nielsen20, Dan Otelea21, Roger Paredes22, Mario Poljak23, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl24, Jean-Claude Schmit5, Anders Sönnerborg25, Danica Staneková26, Maja Stanojevic27, Charles A B Boucher28, Lauren Kaplan29, Anne-Mieke Vandamme30, Dimitrios Paraskevis1. 1. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece. 2. Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 3. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. 4. Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany. 5. Centre de Recherche Public de la Sante, Luxembourg. 6. Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium. 7. Department of Virology, University Medical Center, Utrecht. 8. National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria. 9. University of Bergen, Norway. 10. University of Milan, Italy. 11. Centro de Malária e OutrasDoenças Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal. 12. University College Dublin, Ireland. 13. Lithuanian AIDS Center, Vilnius. 14. Tel Aviv University, Israel. 15. Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland. 16. University of Cyprus, Nicosia. 17. Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Flow Cytometry, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr F. Mihaljevic, Zagreb, Croatia. 18. National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 19. National Reference Laboratory of AIDS, National Institute of Health, Prague, Czech Republic. 20. Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark. 21. National Institute for Infectious Diseases Prof Dr Matei Bals, Bucharest, Romania. 22. IrsiCaixa Foundation, Badalona, Spain. 23. Faculty of Medicine, Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Center, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. 24. Division of Infectious Diseases Division of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute. 25. Division of Infectious Diseases Division of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 26. Slovak Medical University, Bratislava. 27. University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Serbia. 28. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. 29. Alcohol Research Group, University California, Berkeley. 30. Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium Centro de Malária e OutrasDoenças Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype CRF01_AE originated in Africa and then passed to Thailand, where it established a major epidemic. Despite the global presence of CRF01_AE, little is known about its subsequent dispersal pattern. METHODS: We assembled a global data set of 2736 CRF01_AE sequences by pooling sequences from public databases and patient-cohort studies. We estimated viral dispersal patterns, using statistical phylogeographic analysis run over bootstrap trees estimated by the maximum likelihood method. RESULTS: We show that Thailand has been the source of viral dispersal to most areas worldwide, including 17 of 20 sampled countries in Europe. Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, and other Asian countries have played a secondary role in the viral dissemination. In contrast, China and Taiwan have mainly imported strains from neighboring Asian countries, North America, and Africa without any significant viral exportation. DISCUSSION: The central role of Thailand in the global spread of CRF01_AE can be probably explained by the popularity of Thailand as a vacation destination characterized by sex tourism and by Thai emigration to the Western world. Our study highlights the unique case of CRF01_AE, the only globally distributed non-B clade whose global dispersal did not originate in Africa.
BACKGROUND:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype CRF01_AE originated in Africa and then passed to Thailand, where it established a major epidemic. Despite the global presence of CRF01_AE, little is known about its subsequent dispersal pattern. METHODS: We assembled a global data set of 2736 CRF01_AE sequences by pooling sequences from public databases and patient-cohort studies. We estimated viral dispersal patterns, using statistical phylogeographic analysis run over bootstrap trees estimated by the maximum likelihood method. RESULTS: We show that Thailand has been the source of viral dispersal to most areas worldwide, including 17 of 20 sampled countries in Europe. Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, and other Asian countries have played a secondary role in the viral dissemination. In contrast, China and Taiwan have mainly imported strains from neighboring Asian countries, North America, and Africa without any significant viral exportation. DISCUSSION: The central role of Thailand in the global spread of CRF01_AE can be probably explained by the popularity of Thailand as a vacation destination characterized by sex tourism and by Thai emigration to the Western world. Our study highlights the unique case of CRF01_AE, the only globally distributed non-B clade whose global dispersal did not originate in Africa.
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Authors: Gkikas Magiorkinis; Konstantinos Angelis; Ioannis Mamais; Aris Katzourakis; Angelos Hatzakis; Jan Albert; Glenn Lawyer; Osamah Hamouda; Daniel Struck; Jurgen Vercauteren; Annemarie Wensing; Ivailo Alexiev; Birgitta Åsjö; Claudia Balotta; Perpétua Gomes; Ricardo J Camacho; Suzie Coughlan; Algirdas Griskevicius; Zehava Grossman; Anders Horban; Leondios G Kostrikis; Snjezana J Lepej; Kirsi Liitsola; Marek Linka; Claus Nielsen; Dan Otelea; Roger Paredes; Mario Poljak; Elizabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl; Jean Claude Schmit; Anders Sönnerborg; Danica Staneková; Maja Stanojevic; Dora C Stylianou; Charles A B Boucher; Georgios Nikolopoulos; Tetyana Vasylyeva; Samuel R Friedman; David van de Vijver; Gioacchino Angarano; Marie-Laure Chaix; Andrea de Luca; Klaus Korn; Clive Loveday; Vincent Soriano; Sabine Yerly; Mauricio Zazzi; Anne-Mieke Vandamme; Dimitrios Paraskevis Journal: Infect Genet Evol Date: 2016-06-02 Impact factor: 3.342