Roxann Roberson-Nay1, Jessica R Beadel2, Eugenia I Gorlin2, Shawn J Latendresse3, Bethany A Teachman2. 1. Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: rrobersonnay@vcu.edu. 2. University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, Charlottesville, VA, USA. 3. Baylor University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Waco, TX, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbon dioxide (CO2) hypersensitivity is hypothesized to be a robust endophenotypic marker of panic spectrum vulnerability. The goal of the current study was to explore the latent class trajectories of three primary response systems theoretically associated with CO2 hypersensitivity: subjective anxiety, panic symptoms, and respiratory rate (fR). METHODS: Participants (n = 376; 56% female) underwent a maintained 7.5% CO2 breathing task that included three phases: baseline, CO2 air breathing, and recovery. Growth mixture modeling was used to compare response classes (1…n) to identify the best-fit model for each marker. Panic correlates also were examined to determine class differences in panic vulnerability. RESULTS: For subjective anxiety ratings, a three-class model was selected, with individuals in one class reporting an acute increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO2 breathing and a return to pre-CO2 levels during recovery. A second, smaller latent class was distinguished by elevated anxiety across all three phases. The third class reported low anxiety reported during room air, a mild increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO2 breathing, and a return to baseline during recovery. Latent class trajectories for fR yielded one class whereas panic symptom response yielded two classes. LIMITATIONS: This study examined CO2 hypersensitivity in one of the largest samples to date, but did not ascertain a general population sample thereby limiting generalizability. Moreover, a true resting baseline measure of fR was not measured. CONCLUSIONS: Two classes potentially representing different risk pathways were observed. Implications of results will be discussed in the context of panic risk research.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Carbon dioxide (CO2) hypersensitivity is hypothesized to be a robust endophenotypic marker of panic spectrum vulnerability. The goal of the current study was to explore the latent class trajectories of three primary response systems theoretically associated with CO2hypersensitivity: subjective anxiety, panic symptoms, and respiratory rate (fR). METHODS:Participants (n = 376; 56% female) underwent a maintained 7.5% CO2 breathing task that included three phases: baseline, CO2 air breathing, and recovery. Growth mixture modeling was used to compare response classes (1…n) to identify the best-fit model for each marker. Panic correlates also were examined to determine class differences in panic vulnerability. RESULTS: For subjective anxiety ratings, a three-class model was selected, with individuals in one class reporting an acute increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO2 breathing and a return to pre-CO2 levels during recovery. A second, smaller latent class was distinguished by elevated anxiety across all three phases. The third class reported low anxiety reported during room air, a mild increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO2 breathing, and a return to baseline during recovery. Latent class trajectories for fR yielded one class whereas panic symptom response yielded two classes. LIMITATIONS: This study examined CO2hypersensitivity in one of the largest samples to date, but did not ascertain a general population sample thereby limiting generalizability. Moreover, a true resting baseline measure of fR was not measured. CONCLUSIONS: Two classes potentially representing different risk pathways were observed. Implications of results will be discussed in the context of panic risk research.
Authors: D S Pine; R G Klein; J D Coplan; L A Papp; C W Hoven; J Martinez; P Kovalenko; D J Mandell; D Moreau; D F Klein; J M Gorman Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Date: 2000-10
Authors: Roxann Roberson-Nay; Sara Moruzzi; Anna Ogliari; Elettra Pezzica; Kristian Tambs; Kenneth S Kendler; Marco Battaglia Journal: Depress Anxiety Date: 2013-01-24 Impact factor: 6.505
Authors: Lance M Rappaport; Christina Sheerin; Dever M Carney; Kenneth E Towbin; Ellen Leibenluft; Daniel S Pine; Melissa A Brotman; Roxann Roberson-Nay; John M Hettema Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2017-09-27 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Donald J Robinaugh; Meredith J Ward; Emma R Toner; Mackenzie L Brown; Olivia M Losiewicz; Eric Bui; Scott P Orr Journal: Gen Psychiatr Date: 2019-12-23
Authors: Aliyah Snyder; Christopher Sheridan; Alexandra Tanner; Kevin Bickart; Molly Sullan; Michelle Craske; Meeryo Choe; Talin Babikian; Christopher Giza; Robert Asarnow Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2021-02-03 Impact factor: 4.241