Literature DB >> 25484734

Crystal structure of N-(quinolin-6-yl)hydroxyl-amine.

Anuruddha Rajapakse1, Roman Hillebrand1, Sarah M Lewis1, Zachary D Parsons1, Charles L Barnes1, Kent S Gates1.   

Abstract

The title compound, C9H8N2O, crystallized with four independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The four mol-ecules are linked via one O-H⋯N and two N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tetra-mer-like unit. In the crystal, mol-ecules are further linked by O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming layers parallel to (001). These layers are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a number of weak C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional structure. The crystal was refined as a non-merohedral twin with a minor twin component of 0.319.

Entities:  

Keywords:  N-(quinolin-6-yl)hydroxyl­amine; N-aryl­hydroxyl­amine; crystal structure; hydroxyl­amine; quinoline

Year:  2014        PMID: 25484734      PMCID: PMC4257318          DOI: 10.1107/S160053681402193X

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Chemical context

N-Aryl­hydroxyl­amines can be generated in chemical, biochemical and biological systems either by reduction of nitro­aromatic compounds or oxidation of aryl­amines. Inter­estingly, few aryl hydroxyl­amines have been crystallographically characterized. In part, this may be due to the instability of these compounds. For example, N-aryl­hydroxyl­amines can undergo spontaneous oxidation to generate the nitroso derivatives (Rubin et al., 1987 ▶; Veggi et al., 2008 ▶). These compounds, in turn, condense with the unreacted hydroxyl­amine to yield the az­oxy derivatives (Pizzolatti & Yunes, 1990 ▶; Agrawal & Tratnyek, 1996 ▶). They are also of particular importance as inter­mediates in the bioreductive activation of nitro­aromatic prodrugs (Wardman et al., 1995 ▶; Fitzsimmons et al., 1996 ▶; Rooseboom et al., 2004 ▶; Chen & Hu, 2009 ▶; Wilson & Hay, 2011 ▶; Wilson et al., 1989 ▶; Denny & Wilson, 1986 ▶; Walton et al., 1989 ▶; Wen et al., 2008 ▶; James et al., 2001 ▶; Patterson et al., 2007 ▶). Our longstanding inter­est in this type of process (Daniels & Gates, 1996 ▶; Junnotula et al., 2009 ▶, 2010 ▶) and our recent inter­est in the bioreductive activation of 6-nitro­quinoline (Rajapakse & Gates, 2012 ▶; Rajapakse et al., 2013 ▶) led us to prepare and characterize the title compound.

Structural commentary

The title compound, C9H8N2O, crystallized with four independent mol­ecules (A, B, C, and D) in the asymmetric unit (Fig. 1 ▶). The O atoms of the hydroxylamino groups in the four independent molecules A, B, C, and D are displaced from the aromatic ring planes by 0.745 (5), 0.550 (5), 0.971 (6) and 0.293 (5) Å, respectively. The four mol­ecules are linked via one O—H⋯N and two N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tetra­mer-like unit (Fig. 1 ▶ and Table 1 ▶).
Figure 1

A view of the mol­ecular structure of the four independent mol­ecules (suffixes A, B, C and D) of the title compound, with the atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 1 ▶ for details).

Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (, )

Cg1, Cg2, Cg5, Cg8 and Cg11 are the centroids of the N1A/C1AC4A/C9A, C4AC9A, C4BC9B, C4CC9C and C4DC9D rings, respectively.

DHA DHHA D A DHA
O1AH1OAN1B 0.841.882.711(5)170
N2AH2NAN2C 0.78(4)2.58(4)3.351(5)169(4)
N2DH2NDN2A 0.88(4)2.35(4)3.204(4)165(4)
O1BH1OBN1A i 0.841.872.689(4)166
O1CH1CN1D ii 0.841.822.628(5)160
O1DH1ODN1C iii 0.841.932.764(4)172
N2BH2NBO1D iv 0.85(4)2.14(4)2.935(4)157(4)
N2CH2NCO1B ii 0.85(4)2.12(4)2.937(4)159(4)
C7CH7CO1B ii 0.952.583.300(4)133
C3AH3A Cg5v 0.952.643.333(3)130
C3BH3B Cg2vi 0.952.593.265(4)129
C3CH3C Cg11vii 0.952.613.355(3)136
C3DH3D Cg8viii 0.952.853.436(4)121
C7DH7D Cg80.952.993.664(4)129
C8BH8B Cg1iv 0.952.853.527(4)129

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) .

Supra­molecular features

In the crystal, the tetra­mer-like units are linked by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (001); see Table 1 ▶ and Fig. 2 ▶. These layers are linked via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a number of C—H⋯π inter­actions (Table 1 ▶), forming a three-dimensional structure.
Figure 2

A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of the title compound. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 1 ▶ for details). C-bound H atoms have been omitted for clarity. Color key: mol­ecule A black, B red, C green and D blue.

Synthesis and crystallization

To a stirred solution of 6-nitro­quinoline [(1); 0.5 g, 2.87 mmol] in EtOH/CH2Cl2 (1:1 v/v, 20 ml) at 273 K was added a slurry of Raney nickel (0.5 ml). To this mixture, hydrazine hydrate (10 equivalents) was added dropwise with stirring over the course of 1 h while keeping the solution under an inert atmosphere of nitro­gen gas. The solid was removed by filtration and the resulting solution diluted with water (2 ml) and then extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 10 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Column chromatography on silica gel, eluted with ethyl acetate and MeOH/CH2Cl2, gave the title compound as a yellow solid (yield: 100 mg, 25% yield, R F = 0.1 in MeOH/CH2Cl2 4:96). It was found to be unstable upon standing in organic solvents. Crystals of the title compound were obtained by dissolving pure product in warm ethyl acetate followed by rapid cooling to give yellow crystals. 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz): δ 8.53 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.33 (m, 3H). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 75.5 MHz) δ 151.40, 147.64, 144.76, 136.72, 131.05, 129.15, 122.54, 121.01, 107.68. HRMS (ESI, M+H+) m/z calculated for C9H9N2O: 160.0715; found: 160.0707.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2 ▶. The NH H atoms were located in a difference Fourier map and freely refined. The OH and C-bound H atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding: O—H = 0.84, C—H = 0.95 Å with U iso(H) = 1.2Ueq(O,C).
Table 2

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC9H8N2O
M r 160.17
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P
Temperature (K)173
a, b, c ()9.3730(15), 9.7117(16), 18.937(3)
, , ()84.855(2), 83.043(2), 67.477(2)
V (3)1578.8(4)
Z 8
Radiation typeMo K
(mm1)0.09
Crystal size (mm)0.35 0.20 0.20
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker APEXII CCD area-detector
Absorption correctionMulti-scan (TWINABS; Bruker, 2008)
T min, T max 0.89, 0.98
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2(I)] reflections31957, 7120, 5311
R int 0.028
(sin /)max (1)0.650
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.074, 0.224, 1.06
No. of reflections7120
No. of parameters454
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
max, min (e 3)0.96, 0.70

Computer programs: APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2008 ▶), SHELXS97 and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶), ORTEPIII (Burnett Johnson, 1996 ▶), PLATON (Spek, 2009 ▶) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▶).

Several crystals examined proved to have multiple domains. The final data crystal, while still a multiple, could be described having primarily two domains and was treated as such. Orientation matrices for the two domains were determined using the program CELL_NOW (Bruker, 2008 ▶) and the data were processed further using TWINABS (Bruker, 2008 ▶). The model converged well using the HKLF5 data but the final difference map shows several peaks of 0.4 to 0.96 e Å−3 near two of the four independent mol­ecules. While this residual electron density could be inter­preted as disorder of parts of those mol­ecules, attempts to model such disorder were unsatis­factory, requiring considerable restraints/constraints to achieve convergence, and were not included in the final model. An alternative explanation of this residual electron density is a possible contribution from crystalline domains not included in the twinning description. Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681402193X/su2793sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681402193X/su2793Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681402193X/su2793Isup3.cml CCDC reference: 861650 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C9H8N2OZ = 8
Mr = 160.17F(000) = 672
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.348 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 9.3730 (15) ÅCell parameters from 7244 reflections
b = 9.7117 (16) Åθ = 2.4–27.4°
c = 18.937 (3) ŵ = 0.09 mm1
α = 84.855 (2)°T = 173 K
β = 83.043 (2)°Prism, yellow
γ = 67.477 (2)°0.35 × 0.20 × 0.20 mm
V = 1578.8 (4) Å3
Bruker APEXII CCD area-detector diffractometer7120 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube5311 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.028
ω scansθmax = 27.5°, θmin = 1.1°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (TWINABS; Bruker, 2008)h = −12→12
Tmin = 0.89, Tmax = 0.98k = −12→12
31957 measured reflectionsl = 0→24
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.074Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.224H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.06w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.1048P)2 + 1.3081P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
7120 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
454 parametersΔρmax = 0.96 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = −0.70 e Å3
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-factors based on ALL data will be even larger. The data crystal was a two- domain pseudo-merohedral twin. Data was processed using TWINABS and the final refinement was carried out with the HKLF 5 data. The H atoms on the N2 atoms were located and refined with isotropic thermal parameters. The H atoms on the OH groups appeared in difference maps, but were placed at calculated positions and allowed to find maximum overlap with the electron density in a riding model. Residual electron density near two of the four independent molecules was not amenable to reasonable modelling as disorder and may indicate contribution of an additional minor crystalline domain.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O1A0.5904 (3)0.2741 (3)0.13946 (17)0.0658 (7)
H1OA0.57050.36260.12390.079*
N1A0.0069 (3)0.1121 (3)0.12381 (13)0.0364 (5)
C1A−0.0514 (3)0.1592 (4)0.06231 (16)0.0401 (7)
H1A−0.13190.13010.05150.048*
N2A0.4790 (3)0.2709 (4)0.19701 (17)0.0485 (7)
C2A−0.0015 (3)0.2493 (4)0.01207 (16)0.0450 (7)
H2A−0.04680.2799−0.03180.054*
C3A0.1137 (3)0.2929 (3)0.02709 (15)0.0396 (6)
H3A0.14890.3547−0.00630.047*
C4A0.1803 (3)0.2457 (3)0.09231 (14)0.0291 (5)
C5A0.3032 (3)0.2823 (3)0.11080 (15)0.0335 (6)
H5A0.34410.34180.07870.040*
C6A0.3633 (3)0.2317 (3)0.17532 (15)0.0355 (6)
C7A0.3028 (4)0.1425 (4)0.22270 (16)0.0446 (7)
H7A0.34330.10930.26750.054*
C8A0.1871 (4)0.1032 (4)0.20521 (16)0.0414 (7)
H8A0.14980.04100.23730.050*
C9A0.1224 (3)0.1541 (3)0.13994 (14)0.0303 (5)
O1B0.8871 (3)0.9329 (3)0.20442 (14)0.0576 (6)
H1OB0.93520.98520.18430.069*
N1B0.5281 (3)0.5673 (4)0.1053 (2)0.0600 (8)
C1B0.3984 (5)0.6582 (5)0.0806 (3)0.0928 (19)
H1B0.32880.61610.06850.111*
N2B0.9495 (3)0.7941 (3)0.17819 (17)0.0483 (7)
C2B0.3559 (5)0.8113 (5)0.0709 (4)0.112 (3)
H2B0.25980.87120.05300.134*
C3B0.4536 (5)0.8747 (4)0.0874 (3)0.0774 (15)
H3B0.42780.97910.07950.093*
C4B0.5933 (3)0.7849 (4)0.11611 (18)0.0463 (8)
C5B0.6977 (3)0.8430 (4)0.13731 (17)0.0416 (7)
H5B0.67240.94780.13540.050*
C6B0.8354 (3)0.7477 (4)0.16065 (16)0.0405 (7)
C7B0.8759 (4)0.5891 (4)0.16110 (18)0.0467 (7)
H7B0.97530.52340.17370.056*
C8B0.7744 (4)0.5321 (4)0.14376 (18)0.0467 (7)
H8B0.80100.42710.14610.056*
C9B0.6279 (3)0.6292 (4)0.12197 (17)0.0427 (7)
O1C0.6927 (4)−0.0383 (4)0.39244 (18)0.0834 (9)
H1C0.6157−0.06360.39750.100*
N1C0.8919 (3)0.5060 (3)0.38596 (13)0.0395 (6)
C1C0.8513 (4)0.5683 (3)0.44833 (17)0.0429 (7)
H1OC0.88990.64230.45630.051*
N2C0.6800 (4)0.0668 (3)0.33013 (15)0.0482 (7)
C2C0.7559 (4)0.5330 (3)0.50310 (16)0.0425 (7)
H2C0.73040.58170.54680.051*
C3C0.6997 (3)0.4265 (3)0.49252 (15)0.0369 (6)
H3C0.63540.39990.52940.044*
C4C0.7365 (3)0.3563 (3)0.42747 (14)0.0308 (5)
C5C0.6859 (3)0.2431 (3)0.41290 (15)0.0349 (6)
H5C0.62390.21040.44860.042*
C6C0.7249 (3)0.1798 (3)0.34798 (15)0.0353 (6)
C7C0.8151 (4)0.2316 (3)0.29446 (15)0.0386 (6)
H7C0.83720.19240.24840.046*
C8C0.8702 (4)0.3363 (3)0.30816 (15)0.0394 (6)
H8C0.93450.36560.27230.047*
C9C0.8333 (3)0.4017 (3)0.37463 (14)0.0325 (6)
O1D0.1032 (3)0.5575 (3)0.28275 (14)0.0602 (7)
H1OD0.04520.54040.31690.072*
N1D0.4155 (3)0.9499 (3)0.40248 (15)0.0443 (6)
C1D0.3083 (4)1.0657 (3)0.43441 (18)0.0481 (8)
H1D0.34111.13350.45450.058*
N2D0.2499 (4)0.5174 (4)0.30317 (17)0.0524 (7)
C2D0.1504 (4)1.0939 (4)0.4402 (2)0.0541 (9)
H2D0.07831.17950.46340.065*
C3D0.1000 (4)0.9987 (4)0.41264 (18)0.0479 (8)
H3D−0.00771.01710.41630.058*
C4D0.2084 (3)0.8717 (3)0.37835 (14)0.0354 (6)
C5D0.1665 (4)0.7640 (3)0.35065 (15)0.0390 (6)
H5D0.06020.77810.35190.047*
C6D0.2797 (4)0.6380 (3)0.32161 (15)0.0418 (7)
C7D0.4385 (4)0.6209 (4)0.31648 (18)0.0468 (8)
H7D0.51580.53560.29520.056*
C8D0.4805 (4)0.7250 (3)0.34159 (17)0.0443 (7)
H8D0.58670.71260.33730.053*
C9D0.3671 (3)0.8519 (3)0.37414 (15)0.0363 (6)
H2NB1.008 (4)0.742 (4)0.209 (2)0.052 (11)*
H2NC0.748 (4)0.008 (4)0.301 (2)0.051 (10)*
H2NA0.521 (5)0.215 (4)0.227 (2)0.055 (12)*
H2ND0.315 (5)0.465 (5)0.269 (2)0.064 (12)*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O1A0.0467 (14)0.0799 (18)0.080 (2)−0.0340 (14)0.0043 (13)−0.0167 (15)
N1A0.0344 (12)0.0440 (13)0.0362 (13)−0.0209 (10)−0.0002 (9)−0.0056 (10)
C1A0.0325 (14)0.0558 (18)0.0361 (15)−0.0196 (13)−0.0028 (11)−0.0098 (13)
N2A0.0376 (14)0.0678 (19)0.0485 (17)−0.0266 (14)−0.0068 (12)−0.0104 (15)
C2A0.0372 (15)0.068 (2)0.0300 (14)−0.0185 (14)−0.0080 (12)−0.0004 (13)
C3A0.0355 (14)0.0502 (17)0.0299 (14)−0.0146 (13)−0.0023 (11)0.0058 (12)
C4A0.0251 (12)0.0322 (12)0.0276 (12)−0.0083 (10)0.0010 (9)−0.0048 (10)
C5A0.0308 (13)0.0392 (14)0.0319 (14)−0.0161 (11)0.0028 (10)−0.0037 (11)
C6A0.0304 (13)0.0407 (15)0.0367 (15)−0.0137 (11)−0.0009 (11)−0.0098 (11)
C7A0.0481 (17)0.0598 (19)0.0302 (15)−0.0237 (15)−0.0111 (12)0.0017 (13)
C8A0.0456 (16)0.0544 (18)0.0297 (14)−0.0262 (14)−0.0048 (12)0.0050 (12)
C9A0.0295 (12)0.0345 (13)0.0272 (13)−0.0130 (11)0.0004 (10)−0.0031 (10)
O1B0.0628 (15)0.0658 (16)0.0545 (15)−0.0373 (13)0.0085 (12)−0.0137 (12)
N1B0.0422 (15)0.0627 (19)0.080 (2)−0.0199 (14)−0.0133 (15)−0.0185 (16)
C1B0.046 (2)0.072 (3)0.161 (5)−0.003 (2)−0.041 (3)−0.052 (3)
N2B0.0488 (16)0.0511 (16)0.0539 (17)−0.0289 (13)−0.0117 (13)0.0074 (13)
C2B0.061 (3)0.069 (3)0.195 (6)0.017 (2)−0.073 (4)−0.065 (4)
C3B0.051 (2)0.047 (2)0.122 (4)0.0118 (17)−0.039 (2)−0.039 (2)
C4B0.0311 (14)0.0577 (19)0.0453 (17)−0.0072 (13)−0.0029 (12)−0.0232 (15)
C5B0.0350 (14)0.0441 (16)0.0423 (16)−0.0103 (13)0.0015 (12)−0.0127 (13)
C6B0.0395 (15)0.0547 (17)0.0325 (14)−0.0257 (14)−0.0020 (11)0.0058 (12)
C7B0.0449 (17)0.0488 (17)0.0505 (18)−0.0224 (14)−0.0153 (14)0.0120 (14)
C8B0.0500 (18)0.0449 (17)0.0501 (19)−0.0228 (14)−0.0152 (14)0.0095 (14)
C9B0.0370 (15)0.0522 (17)0.0403 (16)−0.0175 (13)−0.0037 (12)−0.0062 (13)
O1C0.100 (3)0.088 (2)0.076 (2)−0.053 (2)−0.0081 (18)0.0077 (17)
N1C0.0423 (13)0.0459 (14)0.0384 (13)−0.0249 (11)−0.0076 (10)−0.0002 (10)
C1C0.0503 (17)0.0427 (16)0.0440 (17)−0.0245 (14)−0.0129 (13)−0.0011 (13)
N2C0.0646 (18)0.0509 (16)0.0415 (15)−0.0389 (15)0.0111 (13)−0.0077 (12)
C2C0.0516 (17)0.0421 (16)0.0336 (15)−0.0155 (14)−0.0089 (13)−0.0044 (12)
C3C0.0376 (14)0.0388 (14)0.0294 (13)−0.0098 (12)−0.0031 (11)0.0017 (11)
C4C0.0288 (12)0.0312 (13)0.0293 (13)−0.0080 (10)−0.0057 (10)0.0039 (10)
C5C0.0339 (13)0.0376 (14)0.0335 (14)−0.0165 (11)0.0027 (11)0.0025 (11)
C6C0.0366 (14)0.0394 (14)0.0340 (14)−0.0200 (12)−0.0011 (11)0.0014 (11)
C7C0.0469 (16)0.0486 (16)0.0280 (13)−0.0273 (14)−0.0021 (11)0.0003 (12)
C8C0.0457 (16)0.0526 (17)0.0284 (14)−0.0301 (14)0.0007 (11)0.0020 (12)
C9C0.0320 (13)0.0377 (14)0.0308 (13)−0.0162 (11)−0.0075 (10)0.0043 (10)
O1D0.0689 (17)0.0762 (17)0.0451 (14)−0.0371 (14)−0.0142 (12)0.0054 (12)
N1D0.0527 (15)0.0360 (13)0.0465 (15)−0.0218 (12)0.0028 (12)0.0010 (11)
C1D0.063 (2)0.0353 (15)0.0463 (18)−0.0186 (15)−0.0040 (15)−0.0015 (13)
N2D0.0618 (18)0.0619 (18)0.0456 (16)−0.0371 (15)0.0022 (14)−0.0095 (14)
C2D0.059 (2)0.0370 (16)0.051 (2)0.0014 (15)−0.0083 (16)−0.0096 (14)
C3D0.0393 (16)0.0454 (17)0.0465 (18)0.0003 (13)−0.0104 (13)−0.0045 (14)
C4D0.0417 (15)0.0325 (13)0.0272 (13)−0.0090 (11)−0.0067 (11)0.0053 (10)
C5D0.0418 (15)0.0444 (16)0.0304 (14)−0.0158 (13)−0.0077 (11)0.0048 (12)
C6D0.0599 (19)0.0409 (15)0.0275 (14)−0.0243 (14)0.0018 (12)−0.0003 (11)
C7D0.0499 (18)0.0427 (16)0.0451 (17)−0.0187 (14)0.0152 (14)−0.0087 (13)
C8D0.0423 (16)0.0412 (16)0.0470 (17)−0.0173 (13)0.0113 (13)−0.0039 (13)
C9D0.0434 (15)0.0312 (13)0.0334 (14)−0.0161 (12)0.0028 (11)0.0038 (11)
O1A—N2A1.422 (4)O1C—N2C1.474 (4)
O1A—H1OA0.8400O1C—H1C0.8400
N1A—C1A1.316 (4)N1C—C1C1.323 (4)
N1A—C9A1.368 (3)N1C—C9C1.366 (4)
C1A—C2A1.395 (5)C1C—C2C1.393 (4)
C1A—H1A0.9500C1C—H1OC0.9500
N2A—C6A1.393 (4)N2C—C6C1.397 (4)
N2A—H2NA0.78 (4)N2C—H2NC0.85 (4)
C2A—C3A1.369 (4)C2C—C3C1.365 (4)
C2A—H2A0.9500C2C—H2C0.9500
C3A—C4A1.411 (4)C3C—C4C1.403 (4)
C3A—H3A0.9500C3C—H3C0.9500
C4A—C9A1.417 (4)C4C—C5C1.412 (4)
C4A—C5A1.417 (4)C4C—C9C1.423 (4)
C5A—C6A1.378 (4)C5C—C6C1.370 (4)
C5A—H5A0.9500C5C—H5C0.9500
C6A—C7A1.411 (4)C6C—C7C1.421 (4)
C7A—C8A1.363 (4)C7C—C8C1.360 (4)
C7A—H7A0.9500C7C—H7C0.9500
C8A—C9A1.408 (4)C8C—C9C1.406 (4)
C8A—H8A0.9500C8C—H8C0.9500
O1B—N2B1.361 (4)O1D—N2D1.372 (4)
O1B—H1OB0.8400O1D—H1OD0.8400
N1B—C1B1.311 (5)N1D—C1D1.322 (4)
N1B—C9B1.368 (4)N1D—C9D1.371 (4)
C1B—C2B1.385 (7)C1D—C2D1.391 (5)
C1B—H1B0.9500C1D—H1D0.9500
N2B—C6B1.393 (4)N2D—C6D1.385 (4)
N2B—H2NB0.85 (4)N2D—H2ND0.88 (4)
C2B—C3B1.361 (6)C2D—C3D1.353 (5)
C2B—H2B0.9500C2D—H2D0.9500
C3B—C4B1.408 (5)C3D—C4D1.414 (4)
C3B—H3B0.9500C3D—H3D0.9500
C4B—C5B1.413 (4)C4D—C5D1.410 (4)
C4B—C9B1.417 (5)C4D—C9D1.418 (4)
C5B—C6B1.366 (4)C5D—C6D1.382 (4)
C5B—H5B0.9500C5D—H5D0.9500
C6B—C7B1.438 (5)C6D—C7D1.426 (5)
C7B—C8B1.353 (4)C7D—C8D1.356 (5)
C7B—H7B0.9500C7D—H7D0.9500
C8B—C9B1.422 (4)C8D—C9D1.415 (4)
C8B—H8B0.9500C8D—H8D0.9500
N2A—O1A—H1OA109.5N2C—O1C—H1C109.5
C1A—N1A—C9A118.5 (2)C1C—N1C—C9C117.2 (3)
N1A—C1A—C2A123.7 (3)N1C—C1C—C2C124.5 (3)
N1A—C1A—H1A118.2N1C—C1C—H1OC117.7
C2A—C1A—H1A118.2C2C—C1C—H1OC117.7
C6A—N2A—O1A111.7 (3)C6C—N2C—O1C108.0 (3)
C6A—N2A—H2NA110 (3)C6C—N2C—H2NC112 (3)
O1A—N2A—H2NA109 (3)O1C—N2C—H2NC99 (3)
C3A—C2A—C1A118.8 (3)C3C—C2C—C1C118.5 (3)
C3A—C2A—H2A120.6C3C—C2C—H2C120.8
C1A—C2A—H2A120.6C1C—C2C—H2C120.8
C2A—C3A—C4A119.9 (3)C2C—C3C—C4C120.3 (3)
C2A—C3A—H3A120.1C2C—C3C—H3C119.8
C4A—C3A—H3A120.1C4C—C3C—H3C119.8
C3A—C4A—C9A117.3 (2)C3C—C4C—C5C123.8 (3)
C3A—C4A—C5A123.2 (3)C3C—C4C—C9C116.8 (3)
C9A—C4A—C5A119.5 (2)C5C—C4C—C9C119.4 (2)
C6A—C5A—C4A120.1 (3)C6C—C5C—C4C120.9 (2)
C6A—C5A—H5A119.9C6C—C5C—H5C119.6
C4A—C5A—H5A119.9C4C—C5C—H5C119.6
C5A—C6A—N2A122.0 (3)C5C—C6C—N2C123.9 (3)
C5A—C6A—C7A119.7 (3)C5C—C6C—C7C119.1 (3)
N2A—C6A—C7A118.2 (3)N2C—C6C—C7C116.9 (3)
C8A—C7A—C6A121.0 (3)C8C—C7C—C6C121.0 (3)
C8A—C7A—H7A119.5C8C—C7C—H7C119.5
C6A—C7A—H7A119.5C6C—C7C—H7C119.5
C7A—C8A—C9A120.6 (3)C7C—C8C—C9C120.9 (3)
C7A—C8A—H8A119.7C7C—C8C—H8C119.5
C9A—C8A—H8A119.7C9C—C8C—H8C119.5
N1A—C9A—C8A119.2 (2)N1C—C9C—C8C118.8 (2)
N1A—C9A—C4A121.8 (2)N1C—C9C—C4C122.7 (2)
C8A—C9A—C4A119.0 (2)C8C—C9C—C4C118.6 (3)
N2B—O1B—H1OB109.5N2D—O1D—H1OD109.5
C1B—N1B—C9B117.1 (3)C1D—N1D—C9D117.7 (3)
N1B—C1B—C2B124.5 (4)N1D—C1D—C2D123.8 (3)
N1B—C1B—H1B117.7N1D—C1D—H1D118.1
C2B—C1B—H1B117.7C2D—C1D—H1D118.1
O1B—N2B—C6B111.6 (3)O1D—N2D—C6D112.9 (3)
O1B—N2B—H2NB104 (3)O1D—N2D—H2ND107 (3)
C6B—N2B—H2NB118 (3)C6D—N2D—H2ND115 (3)
C3B—C2B—C1B119.1 (4)C3D—C2D—C1D119.6 (3)
C3B—C2B—H2B120.4C3D—C2D—H2D120.2
C1B—C2B—H2B120.4C1D—C2D—H2D120.2
C2B—C3B—C4B119.8 (4)C2D—C3D—C4D119.6 (3)
C2B—C3B—H3B120.1C2D—C3D—H3D120.2
C4B—C3B—H3B120.1C4D—C3D—H3D120.2
C3B—C4B—C5B123.2 (3)C5D—C4D—C3D123.3 (3)
C3B—C4B—C9B116.6 (3)C5D—C4D—C9D119.5 (3)
C5B—C4B—C9B120.3 (3)C3D—C4D—C9D117.2 (3)
C6B—C5B—C4B119.6 (3)C6D—C5D—C4D120.1 (3)
C6B—C5B—H5B120.2C6D—C5D—H5D119.9
C4B—C5B—H5B120.2C4D—C5D—H5D119.9
C5B—C6B—N2B123.6 (3)C5D—C6D—N2D123.4 (3)
C5B—C6B—C7B120.0 (3)C5D—C6D—C7D119.8 (3)
N2B—C6B—C7B116.1 (3)N2D—C6D—C7D116.5 (3)
C8B—C7B—C6B120.9 (3)C8D—C7D—C6D120.8 (3)
C8B—C7B—H7B119.6C8D—C7D—H7D119.6
C6B—C7B—H7B119.6C6D—C7D—H7D119.6
C7B—C8B—C9B120.0 (3)C7D—C8D—C9D120.4 (3)
C7B—C8B—H8B120.0C7D—C8D—H8D119.8
C9B—C8B—H8B120.0C9D—C8D—H8D119.8
N1B—C9B—C4B122.8 (3)N1D—C9D—C8D118.5 (3)
N1B—C9B—C8B118.2 (3)N1D—C9D—C4D122.1 (3)
C4B—C9B—C8B118.9 (3)C8D—C9D—C4D119.4 (3)
C9A—N1A—C1A—C2A0.4 (4)C9C—N1C—C1C—C2C1.1 (5)
N1A—C1A—C2A—C3A−0.4 (5)N1C—C1C—C2C—C3C0.2 (5)
C1A—C2A—C3A—C4A0.4 (5)C1C—C2C—C3C—C4C−0.7 (4)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C9A−0.2 (4)C2C—C3C—C4C—C5C178.6 (3)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C5A178.0 (3)C2C—C3C—C4C—C9C−0.1 (4)
C3A—C4A—C5A—C6A−179.6 (3)C3C—C4C—C5C—C6C179.5 (3)
C9A—C4A—C5A—C6A−1.4 (4)C9C—C4C—C5C—C6C−1.9 (4)
C4A—C5A—C6A—N2A−176.9 (3)C4C—C5C—C6C—N2C179.5 (3)
C4A—C5A—C6A—C7A0.4 (4)C4C—C5C—C6C—C7C−1.3 (4)
O1A—N2A—C6A—C5A−39.0 (4)O1C—N2C—C6C—C5C−40.2 (4)
O1A—N2A—C6A—C7A143.7 (3)O1C—N2C—C6C—C7C140.5 (3)
C5A—C6A—C7A—C8A1.1 (5)C5C—C6C—C7C—C8C3.8 (5)
N2A—C6A—C7A—C8A178.5 (3)N2C—C6C—C7C—C8C−176.9 (3)
C6A—C7A—C8A—C9A−1.6 (5)C6C—C7C—C8C—C9C−3.1 (5)
C1A—N1A—C9A—C8A−179.3 (3)C1C—N1C—C9C—C8C178.1 (3)
C1A—N1A—C9A—C4A−0.2 (4)C1C—N1C—C9C—C4C−2.0 (4)
C7A—C8A—C9A—N1A179.7 (3)C7C—C8C—C9C—N1C179.8 (3)
C7A—C8A—C9A—C4A0.6 (4)C7C—C8C—C9C—C4C−0.1 (4)
C3A—C4A—C9A—N1A0.2 (4)C3C—C4C—C9C—N1C1.5 (4)
C5A—C4A—C9A—N1A−178.2 (2)C5C—C4C—C9C—N1C−177.3 (2)
C3A—C4A—C9A—C8A179.2 (3)C3C—C4C—C9C—C8C−178.7 (2)
C5A—C4A—C9A—C8A0.9 (4)C5C—C4C—C9C—C8C2.6 (4)
C9B—N1B—C1B—C2B−0.5 (9)C9D—N1D—C1D—C2D−0.6 (5)
N1B—C1B—C2B—C3B0.4 (11)N1D—C1D—C2D—C3D0.6 (5)
C1B—C2B—C3B—C4B−2.1 (9)C1D—C2D—C3D—C4D0.0 (5)
C2B—C3B—C4B—C5B−177.3 (5)C2D—C3D—C4D—C5D177.5 (3)
C2B—C3B—C4B—C9B3.9 (7)C2D—C3D—C4D—C9D−0.6 (4)
C3B—C4B—C5B—C6B−176.0 (4)C3D—C4D—C5D—C6D−176.1 (3)
C9B—C4B—C5B—C6B2.8 (5)C9D—C4D—C5D—C6D2.0 (4)
C4B—C5B—C6B—N2B175.7 (3)C4D—C5D—C6D—N2D170.0 (3)
C4B—C5B—C6B—C7B2.3 (5)C4D—C5D—C6D—C7D−3.2 (4)
O1B—N2B—C6B—C5B31.3 (4)O1D—N2D—C6D—C5D30.3 (4)
O1B—N2B—C6B—C7B−155.1 (3)O1D—N2D—C6D—C7D−156.3 (3)
C5B—C6B—C7B—C8B−5.0 (5)C5D—C6D—C7D—C8D1.9 (5)
N2B—C6B—C7B—C8B−178.9 (3)N2D—C6D—C7D—C8D−171.8 (3)
C6B—C7B—C8B—C9B2.6 (5)C6D—C7D—C8D—C9D0.7 (5)
C1B—N1B—C9B—C4B2.5 (6)C1D—N1D—C9D—C8D−178.2 (3)
C1B—N1B—C9B—C8B−175.3 (4)C1D—N1D—C9D—C4D−0.1 (4)
C3B—C4B—C9B—N1B−4.2 (5)C7D—C8D—C9D—N1D176.3 (3)
C5B—C4B—C9B—N1B176.9 (3)C7D—C8D—C9D—C4D−1.9 (4)
C3B—C4B—C9B—C8B173.7 (4)C5D—C4D—C9D—N1D−177.5 (3)
C5B—C4B—C9B—C8B−5.2 (5)C3D—C4D—C9D—N1D0.7 (4)
C7B—C8B—C9B—N1B−179.6 (3)C5D—C4D—C9D—C8D0.6 (4)
C7B—C8B—C9B—C4B2.5 (5)C3D—C4D—C9D—C8D178.8 (3)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O1A—H1OA···N1B0.841.882.711 (5)170
N2A—H2NA···N2C0.78 (4)2.58 (4)3.351 (5)169 (4)
N2D—H2ND···N2A0.88 (4)2.35 (4)3.204 (4)165 (4)
O1B—H1OB···N1Ai0.841.872.689 (4)166
O1C—H1C···N1Dii0.841.822.628 (5)160
O1D—H1OD···N1Ciii0.841.932.764 (4)172
N2B—H2NB···O1Div0.85 (4)2.14 (4)2.935 (4)157 (4)
N2C—H2NC···O1Bii0.85 (4)2.12 (4)2.937 (4)159 (4)
C7C—H7C···O1Bii0.952.583.300 (4)133
C3A—H3A···Cg5v0.952.643.333 (3)130
C3B—H3B···Cg2vi0.952.593.265 (4)129
C3C—H3C···Cg11vii0.952.613.355 (3)136
C3D—H3D···Cg8viii0.952.853.436 (4)121
C7D—H7D···Cg80.952.993.664 (4)129
C8B—H8B···Cg1iv0.952.853.527 (4)129
  19 in total

1.  DNA strand cleaving properties and hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of 7-chloro-2-thienylcarbonyl-3-trifluoromethylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide.

Authors:  Venkatraman Junnotula; Anuruddha Rajapakse; Leire Arbillaga; Adela López de Cerain; Beatriz Solano; Raquel Villar; Antonio Monge; Kent S Gates
Journal:  Bioorg Med Chem       Date:  2010-03-19       Impact factor: 3.641

2.  Cytotoxicity of oxidative metabolites of procainamide.

Authors:  R L Rubin; J P Uetrecht; J E Jones
Journal:  J Pharmacol Exp Ther       Date:  1987-09       Impact factor: 4.030

3.  Hypoxia-selective, enzymatic conversion of 6-nitroquinoline into a fluorescent helicene: pyrido[3,2-f]quinolino[6,5-c]cinnoline 3-oxide.

Authors:  Anuruddha Rajapakse; Kent S Gates
Journal:  J Org Chem       Date:  2012-03-19       Impact factor: 4.354

Review 4.  Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic N-oxides and quinones: the kinetic basis for hypoxia-selective, bioreductive drugs.

Authors:  P Wardman; M F Dennis; S A Everett; K B Patel; M R Stratford; M Tracy
Journal:  Biochem Soc Symp       Date:  1995

5.  Molecular enzymology of the reductive bioactivation of hypoxic cell cytotoxins.

Authors:  M I Walton; C R Wolf; P Workman
Journal:  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys       Date:  1989-04       Impact factor: 7.038

Review 6.  Enzyme-catalyzed activation of anticancer prodrugs.

Authors:  Martijn Rooseboom; Jan N M Commandeur; Nico P E Vermeulen
Journal:  Pharmacol Rev       Date:  2004-03       Impact factor: 25.468

7.  Comparison of in vitro bioactivation of flutamide and its cyano analogue: evidence for reductive activation by human NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase.

Authors:  Bo Wen; Kevin J Coe; Peter Rademacher; William L Fitch; Mario Monshouwer; Sidney D Nelson
Journal:  Chem Res Toxicol       Date:  2008-12       Impact factor: 3.739

8.  Reductase enzyme expression across the National Cancer Institute Tumor cell line panel: correlation with sensitivity to mitomycin C and EO9.

Authors:  S A Fitzsimmons; P Workman; M Grever; K Paull; R Camalier; A D Lewis
Journal:  J Natl Cancer Inst       Date:  1996-03-06       Impact factor: 13.506

9.  Mechanism of action and preclinical antitumor activity of the novel hypoxia-activated DNA cross-linking agent PR-104.

Authors:  Adam V Patterson; Dianne M Ferry; Shelley J Edmunds; Yongchuan Gu; Rachelle S Singleton; Kashyap Patel; Susan M Pullen; Kevin O Hicks; Sophie P Syddall; Graham J Atwell; Shangjin Yang; William A Denny; William R Wilson
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2007-07-01       Impact factor: 12.531

10.  Structure validation in chemical crystallography.

Authors:  Anthony L Spek
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr       Date:  2009-01-20
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