Literature DB >> 25484691

Crystal structure of (R)-2'-benz-yloxy-[1,1'-binaphthalen]-2-yl tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate.

Rui M B Carrilho1, Mariette M Pereira1, Teresa M R Maria1, M Ermelinda S Eusébio1, V H Rodrigues2.   

Abstract

In the title compound, C28H19F3O4S, a new 2'-benz-yloxy (R)-BINOL derivative containing a tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate group in the 2-position, the planes of the two naphthyl ring systems (r.m.s. deviations = 0.012 and 0.019 Å) are at an angle of 73.36 (2)°, and the planes of the benzyl ring and the naphthyl ring system bound to the ether O atom are at an angle of 75.67 (4)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [100]. The chains are linked via a weak C-F⋯π inter-action and weak π-π inter-actions [shortest inter-centroid distance = 3.9158 (12) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure. The absolute structure of the mol-ecule in the crystal was determined by resonant scattering [Flack parameter = 0.02 (6)].

Entities:  

Keywords:  (R)-BINOL; binaphth­yl; chiral; crystal structure; sulfonate

Year:  2014        PMID: 25484691      PMCID: PMC4257171          DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019096

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Related literature

For the synthesis of some BINOL derivatives, see, for example: Carrilho et al. (2012 ▶, 2014 ▶). For the synthesis of related binaphthyl-based tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate derivatives, see: Zeng et al. (2011 ▶); Singer & Buchwald (1999 ▶); Meškovà et al. (2011 ▶); Sälinger & Brückner (2009 ▶); Zheng et al. (2013 ▶). For the use of aryl tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate derivatives as inter­mediates in Buchwald–Hartwig aminations, see: Louie et al. (1997 ▶); Ahman & Buchwald (1997 ▶); Meadows et al. (2008 ▶). For a review of the synthesis and catalytic applications of binaphthyl-based phosphine and phosphite ligands, see: Sakai et al. (1993 ▶); Yan & Zhang (2006 ▶); Pereira et al. (2013 ▶).

Experimental

Crystal data

C28H19F3O4S M = 508.49 Orthorhombic, a = 9.3383 (4) Å b = 12.3380 (5) Å c = 20.5893 (8) Å V = 2372.22 (17) Å3 Z = 4 Mo Kα radiation μ = 0.19 mm−1 T = 293 K 0.36 × 0.28 × 0.1 mm

Data collection

Bruker APEXII diffractometer Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004 ▶) T min = 0.890, T max = 1.000 42588 measured reflections 5367 independent reflections 4373 reflections with I > 2σ(I) R int = 0.038

Refinement

R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)] = 0.037 wR(F 2) = 0.088 S = 1.06 5367 reflections 326 parameters H-atom parameters constrained Δρmax = 0.18 e Å−3 Δρmin = −0.24 e Å−3 Absolute structure: Flack (1983 ▶) Absolute structure parameter: 0.02 (6)

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2004 ▶); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2004 ▶); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶); molecular graphics: ORTEPII (Johnson, 1976 ▶) and Mercury (Macrae et al. 2008 ▶); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 and PLATON (Spek, 2009 ▶). Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, global. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019096/su2775sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019096/su2775Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. . DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019096/su2775fig1.tif A view of the mol­ecular structure of the title mol­ecule, with atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% level. Click here for additional data file. . DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019096/su2775fig2.tif A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of the title compound. The C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 1 for details). CCDC reference: 1020770 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C28H19F3O4SF(000) = 1048
Mr = 508.49Dx = 1.424 Mg m3
Orthorhombic, P212121Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: P 2ac 2abCell parameters from 6182 reflections
a = 9.3383 (4) Åθ = 2.6–22.2°
b = 12.3380 (5) ŵ = 0.19 mm1
c = 20.5893 (8) ÅT = 293 K
V = 2372.22 (17) Å3Prismatic, colourless
Z = 40.36 × 0.28 × 0.1 mm
Bruker APEXII diffractometer5367 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube4373 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.038
φ and ω scansθmax = 27.5°, θmin = 1.9°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004)h = −11→12
Tmin = 0.890, Tmax = 1.000k = −15→15
42588 measured reflectionsl = −26→26
Refinement on F2Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
Least-squares matrix: fullH-atom parameters constrained
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.037w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0437P)2 + 0.1954P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
wR(F2) = 0.088(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
S = 1.06Δρmax = 0.18 e Å3
5367 reflectionsΔρmin = −0.24 e Å3
326 parametersExtinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
0 restraintsExtinction coefficient: 0.0058 (7)
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsAbsolute structure: Flack (1983)
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier mapAbsolute structure parameter: 0.02 (6)
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
S10.71125 (5)0.03924 (4)0.94675 (2)0.04816 (14)
O10.62251 (12)0.04090 (10)1.01056 (5)0.0417 (3)
O20.74153 (18)−0.06979 (12)0.93075 (8)0.0706 (4)
O30.81614 (18)0.12109 (14)0.94647 (8)0.0759 (5)
C280.5709 (3)0.08085 (18)0.89039 (11)0.0641 (6)
F10.46451 (16)0.01259 (12)0.89093 (7)0.0829 (4)
F20.6254 (2)0.08254 (15)0.83119 (7)0.1095 (6)
F30.5251 (2)0.17688 (12)0.90464 (9)0.1210 (8)
C10.66233 (18)0.11054 (13)1.06373 (8)0.0381 (4)
C20.5916 (2)0.20964 (15)1.06794 (9)0.0471 (5)
H20.52460.23011.03680.056*
C30.6231 (2)0.27570 (16)1.11882 (10)0.0533 (5)
H30.57670.34211.12270.064*
C40.7249 (2)0.24510 (14)1.16576 (9)0.0462 (4)
C50.7608 (3)0.31324 (17)1.21878 (11)0.0633 (6)
H50.71650.38041.22290.076*
C60.8584 (3)0.2820 (2)1.26350 (11)0.0705 (7)
H60.88120.32811.29770.085*
C70.9252 (3)0.18142 (19)1.25880 (10)0.0664 (6)
H70.99150.16071.29010.080*
C80.8943 (2)0.11300 (17)1.20867 (9)0.0520 (5)
H80.94000.04621.20610.062*
C90.7933 (2)0.14259 (14)1.16045 (8)0.0405 (4)
C100.76185 (18)0.07382 (13)1.10677 (8)0.0362 (4)
C110.83484 (18)−0.03262 (14)1.09688 (8)0.0361 (4)
C120.97941 (18)−0.03635 (14)1.07440 (8)0.0368 (4)
C131.0607 (2)0.05821 (15)1.06183 (9)0.0473 (4)
H131.01900.12601.06740.057*
C141.1994 (2)0.05104 (18)1.04172 (10)0.0588 (5)
H141.25120.11401.03370.071*
C151.2648 (2)−0.05005 (19)1.03296 (10)0.0604 (5)
H151.3602−0.05381.02030.072*
C161.1901 (2)−0.14184 (17)1.04285 (9)0.0500 (5)
H161.2341−0.20851.03610.060*
C171.04466 (19)−0.13834 (14)1.06346 (8)0.0396 (4)
C180.9652 (2)−0.23321 (15)1.07409 (9)0.0447 (4)
H181.0073−0.30021.06610.054*
C190.8274 (2)−0.22913 (14)1.09589 (9)0.0438 (4)
H190.7767−0.29291.10310.053*
C200.76214 (18)−0.12812 (13)1.10741 (8)0.0374 (4)
O40.62534 (13)−0.11801 (10)1.13046 (7)0.0486 (3)
C210.5362 (2)−0.21227 (16)1.13402 (10)0.0506 (5)
H21A0.5492−0.25431.09460.061*
H21B0.4370−0.18921.13540.061*
C220.56468 (19)−0.28464 (15)1.19158 (9)0.0432 (4)
C230.4871 (2)−0.37900 (17)1.19706 (11)0.0568 (5)
H230.4214−0.39711.16490.068*
C240.5055 (3)−0.44718 (18)1.24960 (12)0.0673 (6)
H240.4516−0.51031.25290.081*
C250.6022 (3)−0.42192 (19)1.29639 (11)0.0657 (6)
H250.6146−0.46781.33180.079*
C260.6814 (3)−0.32918 (19)1.29156 (11)0.0654 (6)
H260.7486−0.31251.32330.079*
C270.6614 (2)−0.25998 (17)1.23930 (10)0.0543 (5)
H270.7141−0.19621.23660.065*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
S10.0493 (3)0.0501 (3)0.0450 (2)−0.0092 (2)0.0044 (2)−0.0009 (2)
O10.0400 (6)0.0445 (7)0.0407 (6)−0.0051 (6)−0.0015 (5)0.0028 (6)
O20.0793 (10)0.0590 (9)0.0736 (10)0.0117 (8)0.0072 (8)−0.0157 (7)
O30.0716 (10)0.0955 (12)0.0607 (9)−0.0437 (9)0.0134 (8)−0.0032 (8)
C280.0933 (17)0.0476 (12)0.0513 (12)−0.0119 (13)−0.0123 (12)0.0061 (10)
F10.0779 (9)0.0843 (10)0.0867 (9)−0.0169 (8)−0.0295 (8)0.0098 (8)
F20.1557 (16)0.1263 (13)0.0465 (8)−0.0335 (13)−0.0093 (9)0.0187 (8)
F30.193 (2)0.0576 (9)0.1125 (13)0.0383 (11)−0.0741 (14)−0.0055 (8)
C10.0384 (9)0.0354 (9)0.0407 (9)0.0003 (7)0.0022 (7)−0.0006 (7)
C20.0448 (10)0.0429 (10)0.0536 (11)0.0117 (9)−0.0018 (9)0.0086 (9)
C30.0568 (12)0.0395 (11)0.0636 (13)0.0160 (9)0.0064 (10)−0.0011 (10)
C40.0508 (11)0.0397 (10)0.0483 (10)0.0018 (9)0.0113 (9)−0.0030 (8)
C50.0801 (16)0.0489 (12)0.0609 (13)0.0017 (11)0.0130 (12)−0.0143 (10)
C60.0911 (18)0.0670 (15)0.0535 (13)−0.0082 (13)0.0002 (13)−0.0184 (11)
C70.0761 (16)0.0744 (15)0.0486 (12)0.0002 (13)−0.0097 (11)−0.0050 (11)
C80.0565 (12)0.0530 (12)0.0463 (11)0.0045 (10)−0.0041 (9)−0.0009 (9)
C90.0447 (10)0.0388 (9)0.0380 (9)−0.0007 (9)0.0049 (8)0.0005 (7)
C100.0365 (9)0.0327 (9)0.0393 (9)0.0019 (7)0.0046 (7)0.0041 (7)
C110.0399 (9)0.0331 (9)0.0353 (8)0.0036 (8)−0.0011 (7)0.0023 (7)
C120.0389 (9)0.0370 (9)0.0345 (8)0.0014 (8)−0.0021 (7)0.0011 (7)
C130.0462 (10)0.0406 (10)0.0552 (11)−0.0012 (8)0.0039 (9)0.0038 (9)
C140.0498 (11)0.0572 (13)0.0693 (13)−0.0108 (11)0.0071 (10)0.0057 (10)
C150.0407 (10)0.0726 (15)0.0679 (13)0.0028 (11)0.0122 (9)0.0018 (11)
C160.0450 (11)0.0527 (12)0.0524 (11)0.0110 (9)0.0071 (9)−0.0003 (9)
C170.0437 (10)0.0406 (10)0.0344 (9)0.0073 (8)−0.0009 (7)0.0004 (7)
C180.0529 (11)0.0366 (10)0.0444 (10)0.0082 (9)0.0008 (8)−0.0018 (8)
C190.0525 (11)0.0326 (10)0.0463 (10)−0.0011 (8)0.0007 (8)0.0026 (8)
C200.0372 (9)0.0352 (9)0.0398 (9)0.0027 (7)0.0010 (7)0.0048 (7)
O40.0422 (7)0.0387 (7)0.0651 (8)−0.0009 (6)0.0113 (6)0.0073 (6)
C210.0425 (10)0.0474 (11)0.0618 (12)−0.0080 (9)−0.0027 (9)0.0084 (9)
C220.0368 (10)0.0425 (10)0.0502 (10)−0.0028 (8)0.0053 (8)0.0012 (8)
C230.0567 (13)0.0494 (12)0.0643 (13)−0.0165 (10)0.0002 (10)0.0014 (10)
C240.0769 (15)0.0464 (12)0.0785 (15)−0.0107 (12)0.0119 (13)0.0092 (12)
C250.0802 (16)0.0589 (14)0.0580 (13)0.0100 (13)0.0094 (12)0.0137 (11)
C260.0714 (15)0.0728 (15)0.0520 (12)−0.0009 (13)−0.0048 (11)0.0065 (11)
C270.0580 (12)0.0529 (12)0.0521 (11)−0.0130 (10)−0.0019 (10)0.0029 (9)
S1—O31.4069 (15)C13—C141.362 (3)
S1—O21.4136 (15)C13—H130.9300
S1—O11.5535 (12)C14—C151.400 (3)
S1—C281.824 (2)C14—H140.9300
O1—C11.440 (2)C15—C161.346 (3)
C28—F31.293 (3)C15—H150.9300
C28—F11.302 (3)C16—C171.423 (3)
C28—F21.321 (3)C16—H160.9300
C1—C101.362 (2)C17—C181.403 (3)
C1—C21.393 (2)C18—C191.363 (3)
C2—C31.360 (3)C18—H180.9300
C2—H20.9300C19—C201.407 (2)
C3—C41.407 (3)C19—H190.9300
C3—H30.9300C20—O41.368 (2)
C4—C51.418 (3)O4—C211.432 (2)
C4—C91.421 (2)C21—C221.508 (3)
C5—C61.352 (3)C21—H21A0.9700
C5—H50.9300C21—H21B0.9700
C6—C71.392 (3)C22—C271.369 (3)
C6—H60.9300C22—C231.376 (3)
C7—C81.364 (3)C23—C241.381 (3)
C7—H70.9300C23—H230.9300
C8—C91.417 (3)C24—C251.357 (3)
C8—H80.9300C24—H240.9300
C9—C101.424 (2)C25—C261.366 (3)
C10—C111.493 (2)C25—H250.9300
C11—C201.377 (2)C26—C271.386 (3)
C11—C121.428 (2)C26—H260.9300
C12—C131.416 (3)C27—H270.9300
C12—C171.416 (2)
O3—S1—O2122.88 (11)C14—C13—C12120.78 (18)
O3—S1—O1111.42 (8)C14—C13—H13119.6
O2—S1—O1108.45 (9)C12—C13—H13119.6
O3—S1—C28107.20 (11)C13—C14—C15120.76 (19)
O2—S1—C28105.27 (11)C13—C14—H14119.6
O1—S1—C2898.69 (10)C15—C14—H14119.6
C1—O1—S1120.87 (10)C16—C15—C14120.26 (17)
F3—C28—F1109.8 (2)C16—C15—H15119.9
F3—C28—F2108.80 (19)C14—C15—H15119.9
F1—C28—F2108.19 (19)C15—C16—C17120.95 (18)
F3—C28—S1110.54 (16)C15—C16—H16119.5
F1—C28—S1111.13 (14)C17—C16—H16119.5
F2—C28—S1108.3 (2)C18—C17—C12119.26 (16)
C10—C1—C2125.14 (16)C18—C17—C16121.73 (16)
C10—C1—O1118.18 (14)C12—C17—C16119.00 (17)
C2—C1—O1116.65 (15)C19—C18—C17121.32 (17)
C3—C2—C1118.13 (17)C19—C18—H18119.3
C3—C2—H2120.9C17—C18—H18119.3
C1—C2—H2120.9C18—C19—C20119.78 (17)
C2—C3—C4120.98 (17)C18—C19—H19120.1
C2—C3—H3119.5C20—C19—H19120.1
C4—C3—H3119.5O4—C20—C11115.90 (14)
C3—C4—C5121.96 (18)O4—C20—C19122.91 (15)
C3—C4—C9119.32 (17)C11—C20—C19121.18 (16)
C5—C4—C9118.71 (19)C20—O4—C21119.09 (14)
C6—C5—C4121.0 (2)O4—C21—C22114.75 (16)
C6—C5—H5119.5O4—C21—H21A108.6
C4—C5—H5119.5C22—C21—H21A108.6
C5—C6—C7120.6 (2)O4—C21—H21B108.6
C5—C6—H6119.7C22—C21—H21B108.6
C7—C6—H6119.7H21A—C21—H21B107.6
C8—C7—C6120.6 (2)C27—C22—C23118.46 (18)
C8—C7—H7119.7C27—C22—C21123.30 (17)
C6—C7—H7119.7C23—C22—C21118.22 (17)
C7—C8—C9120.77 (19)C22—C23—C24121.0 (2)
C7—C8—H8119.6C22—C23—H23119.5
C9—C8—H8119.6C24—C23—H23119.5
C8—C9—C4118.34 (16)C25—C24—C23119.9 (2)
C8—C9—C10121.85 (16)C25—C24—H24120.0
C4—C9—C10119.80 (16)C23—C24—H24120.0
C1—C10—C9116.60 (15)C24—C25—C26120.1 (2)
C1—C10—C11121.02 (15)C24—C25—H25120.0
C9—C10—C11122.37 (15)C26—C25—H25120.0
C20—C11—C12119.31 (16)C25—C26—C27120.0 (2)
C20—C11—C10120.39 (14)C25—C26—H26120.0
C12—C11—C10120.27 (16)C27—C26—H26120.0
C13—C12—C17118.19 (15)C22—C27—C26120.6 (2)
C13—C12—C11122.66 (16)C22—C27—H27119.7
C17—C12—C11119.15 (16)C26—C27—H27119.7
O3—S1—O1—C1−7.53 (15)C1—C10—C11—C12104.50 (19)
O2—S1—O1—C1130.68 (13)C9—C10—C11—C12−74.6 (2)
C28—S1—O1—C1−119.94 (13)C20—C11—C12—C13179.35 (16)
O3—S1—C28—F3−53.6 (2)C10—C11—C12—C131.3 (2)
O2—S1—C28—F3174.03 (18)C20—C11—C12—C170.0 (2)
O1—S1—C28—F362.1 (2)C10—C11—C12—C17−178.01 (14)
O3—S1—C28—F1−175.81 (17)C17—C12—C13—C14−2.0 (3)
O2—S1—C28—F151.9 (2)C11—C12—C13—C14178.62 (18)
O1—S1—C28—F1−60.08 (18)C12—C13—C14—C150.0 (3)
O3—S1—C28—F265.48 (18)C13—C14—C15—C161.6 (3)
O2—S1—C28—F2−66.86 (17)C14—C15—C16—C17−1.2 (3)
O1—S1—C28—F2−178.79 (15)C13—C12—C17—C18−178.51 (17)
S1—O1—C1—C10−85.42 (17)C11—C12—C17—C180.9 (2)
S1—O1—C1—C296.53 (17)C13—C12—C17—C162.4 (2)
C10—C1—C2—C3−0.1 (3)C11—C12—C17—C16−178.21 (16)
O1—C1—C2—C3177.79 (17)C15—C16—C17—C18−179.92 (19)
C1—C2—C3—C40.3 (3)C15—C16—C17—C12−0.9 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C5179.2 (2)C12—C17—C18—C19−1.2 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C9−1.3 (3)C16—C17—C18—C19177.82 (18)
C3—C4—C5—C6179.7 (2)C17—C18—C19—C200.7 (3)
C9—C4—C5—C60.2 (3)C12—C11—C20—O4178.43 (15)
C4—C5—C6—C7−0.6 (4)C10—C11—C20—O4−3.6 (2)
C5—C6—C7—C80.6 (4)C12—C11—C20—C19−0.5 (2)
C6—C7—C8—C9−0.2 (4)C10—C11—C20—C19177.46 (16)
C7—C8—C9—C4−0.2 (3)C18—C19—C20—O4−178.70 (16)
C7—C8—C9—C10178.4 (2)C18—C19—C20—C110.2 (3)
C3—C4—C9—C8−179.31 (18)C11—C20—O4—C21171.35 (15)
C5—C4—C9—C80.2 (3)C19—C20—O4—C21−9.7 (2)
C3—C4—C9—C102.1 (3)C20—O4—C21—C2279.1 (2)
C5—C4—C9—C10−178.42 (17)O4—C21—C22—C273.9 (3)
C2—C1—C10—C90.9 (3)O4—C21—C22—C23−177.56 (17)
O1—C1—C10—C9−177.00 (14)C27—C22—C23—C240.4 (3)
C2—C1—C10—C11−178.24 (16)C21—C22—C23—C24−178.2 (2)
O1—C1—C10—C113.9 (2)C22—C23—C24—C25−0.7 (4)
C8—C9—C10—C1179.60 (17)C23—C24—C25—C260.0 (4)
C4—C9—C10—C1−1.8 (2)C24—C25—C26—C270.9 (4)
C8—C9—C10—C11−1.3 (3)C23—C22—C27—C260.6 (3)
C4—C9—C10—C11177.27 (16)C21—C22—C27—C26179.1 (2)
C1—C10—C11—C20−73.5 (2)C25—C26—C27—C22−1.3 (3)
C9—C10—C11—C20107.46 (19)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C13—H13···F3i0.932.503.357 (2)153
C28—F3···Cg1ii1.29 (1)3.61 (1)4.632 (3)136 (1)
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg1 is the centroid of the C1–C4/C9/C10 ring

D—H⋯A D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C13—H13⋯F3i 0.932.503.357 (2)153
C28—F3⋯Cg1ii 1.29 (1)3.61 (1)4.632 (3)136 (1)

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) .

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Authors:  Yongjun Yan; Xumu Zhang
Journal:  J Am Chem Soc       Date:  2006-06-07       Impact factor: 15.419

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Journal:  Acta Crystallogr A       Date:  2007-12-21       Impact factor: 2.290

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Authors:  Mariette M Pereira; Mário J F Calvete; Rui M B Carrilho; Artur R Abreu
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