Jinhui Zhao1, Scott Macdonald2, Guilherme Borges3, Chantele Joordens4, Tim Stockwell5, Yu Ye6. 1. Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada. Electronic address: zhaoj@uvic.ca. 2. Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia and School of Health Information Sciences, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada. 3. National Institute of Psychiatry and Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico. 4. Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada. 5. Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia and Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada. 6. Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400 Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (i) To estimate the rate ratio (RR) of use of alcohol alone, cocaine alone, and both substances simultaneously on acute injury or an aggressive incident, (ii) to compare the RRs for simultaneous use within 3 or 6h of the event; and (iii) to compare the RRs of two measures of exposure, "hours of feeling effects" vs estimates based on self-reported quantity and frequency of use. METHODS: The study employed a case-crossover design with the frequency approach. Clients (N=616) in substance abuse treatment for alcohol or cocaine issues from 2009 to 2012 completed a self-administered questionnaire on their substance use within 3 and 6h before a recent injury or physically aggressive incident. Clients also reported detailed quantity and frequency information in relation to their typical substance use, as well as information on "feeling effects". The RR of acute harms due to substance use was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel estimator. RESULTS: In the 6-h window before the event, use of cocaine alone, alcohol alone and simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use were each significantly (P<0.05) related to a recent injury and aggressive incident. Simultaneous use was not significantly greater than use of either drug alone. Estimates of RR based on simultaneous use for a 3-h window before the event were consistently larger than those based on a 6-h window, and comparisons were significant (P<0.05) for an aggressive incident but not an injury. With reference to the two measures of exposure, three of eight comparisons of RRs were significantly larger for feeling the effects of the substance in comparison to quantity and frequency of substance use. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with increased likelihood of harms related to the acute effects of alcohol alone, cocaine alone or simultaneous use. The results are suggestive that the acute effects of these drugs may be better measured within a 3-h time window than a 6-h window. Finally, we found that "hours of feeling effects" yielded higher estimates of RR than the quantity-frequency approach; however both measures support the overall findings.
OBJECTIVES: (i) To estimate the rate ratio (RR) of use of alcohol alone, cocaine alone, and both substances simultaneously on acute injury or an aggressive incident, (ii) to compare the RRs for simultaneous use within 3 or 6h of the event; and (iii) to compare the RRs of two measures of exposure, "hours of feeling effects" vs estimates based on self-reported quantity and frequency of use. METHODS: The study employed a case-crossover design with the frequency approach. Clients (N=616) in substance abuse treatment for alcohol or cocaine issues from 2009 to 2012 completed a self-administered questionnaire on their substance use within 3 and 6h before a recent injury or physically aggressive incident. Clients also reported detailed quantity and frequency information in relation to their typical substance use, as well as information on "feeling effects". The RR of acute harms due to substance use was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel estimator. RESULTS: In the 6-h window before the event, use of cocaine alone, alcohol alone and simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use were each significantly (P<0.05) related to a recent injury and aggressive incident. Simultaneous use was not significantly greater than use of either drug alone. Estimates of RR based on simultaneous use for a 3-h window before the event were consistently larger than those based on a 6-h window, and comparisons were significant (P<0.05) for an aggressive incident but not an injury. With reference to the two measures of exposure, three of eight comparisons of RRs were significantly larger for feeling the effects of the substance in comparison to quantity and frequency of substance use. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with increased likelihood of harms related to the acute effects of alcohol alone, cocaine alone or simultaneous use. The results are suggestive that the acute effects of these drugs may be better measured within a 3-h time window than a 6-h window. Finally, we found that "hours of feeling effects" yielded higher estimates of RR than the quantity-frequency approach; however both measures support the overall findings.
Authors: Scott Macdonald; Kristin Anglin-Bodrug; Robert E Mann; Patricia Erickson; Andrew Hathaway; Mary Chipman; Margaret Rylett Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2003-11-24 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Oulmann Zerhouni; Laurent Bègue; Georges Brousse; Françoise Carpentier; Maurice Dematteis; Lucie Pennel; Joel Swendsen; Cheryl Cherpitel Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2013-09-27 Impact factor: 3.390