Raimund Stein1, Hasan S Dogan2, Piet Hoebeke3, Radim Kočvara4, Rien J M Nijman5, Christian Radmayr6, Serdar Tekgül2. 1. Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Mainz University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: steinraimund@gmail.com. 2. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkey. 3. Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. 4. Department of Urology, General Teaching Hospital in Praha, and Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic. 5. Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 6. Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Abstract
CONTEXT: In 30% of children with urinary tract anomalies, urinary tract infection (UTI) can be the first sign. Failure to identify patients at risk can result in damage to the upper urinary tract. OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children presenting with UTI. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The recommendations were developed after a review of the literature and a search of PubMed and Embase. A consensus decision was adopted when evidence was low. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: UTIs are classified according to site, episode, symptoms, and complicating factors. For acute treatment, site and severity are the most important. Urine sampling by suprapubic aspiration or catheterisation has a low contamination rate and confirms UTI. Using a plastic bag to collect urine, a UTI can only be excluded if the dipstick is negative for both leukocyte esterase and nitrite or microscopic analysis is negative for both pyuria and bacteriuria. A clean voided midstream urine sample after cleaning the external genitalia has good diagnostic accuracy in toilet-trained children. In children with febrile UTI, antibiotic treatment should be initiated as soon as possible to eradicate infection, prevent bacteraemia, improve outcome, and reduce the likelihood of renal involvement. Ultrasound of the urinary tract is advised to exclude obstructive uropathy. Depending on sex, age, and clinical presentation, vesicoureteral reflux should be excluded. Antibacterial prophylaxis is beneficial. In toilet-trained children, bladder and bowel dysfunction needs to be excluded. CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence is high for the diagnosis of UTI and treatment in children but not for imaging to identify patients at risk for upper urinary tract damage. PATIENT SUMMARY: In these guidelines, we looked at the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children with urinary tract infection. There are strong recommendations on diagnosis and treatment; we also advise exclusion of obstructive uropathy within 24h and later vesicoureteral reflux, if indicated.
CONTEXT: In 30% of children with urinary tract anomalies, urinary tract infection (UTI) can be the first sign. Failure to identify patients at risk can result in damage to the upper urinary tract. OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children presenting with UTI. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The recommendations were developed after a review of the literature and a search of PubMed and Embase. A consensus decision was adopted when evidence was low. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: UTIs are classified according to site, episode, symptoms, and complicating factors. For acute treatment, site and severity are the most important. Urine sampling by suprapubic aspiration or catheterisation has a low contamination rate and confirms UTI. Using a plastic bag to collect urine, a UTI can only be excluded if the dipstick is negative for both leukocyte esterase and nitrite or microscopic analysis is negative for both pyuria and bacteriuria. A clean voided midstream urine sample after cleaning the external genitalia has good diagnostic accuracy in toilet-trained children. In children with febrile UTI, antibiotic treatment should be initiated as soon as possible to eradicate infection, prevent bacteraemia, improve outcome, and reduce the likelihood of renal involvement. Ultrasound of the urinary tract is advised to exclude obstructive uropathy. Depending on sex, age, and clinical presentation, vesicoureteral reflux should be excluded. Antibacterial prophylaxis is beneficial. In toilet-trained children, bladder and bowel dysfunction needs to be excluded. CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence is high for the diagnosis of UTI and treatment in children but not for imaging to identify patients at risk for upper urinary tract damage. PATIENT SUMMARY: In these guidelines, we looked at the diagnosis, treatment, and imaging of children with urinary tract infection. There are strong recommendations on diagnosis and treatment; we also advise exclusion of obstructive uropathy within 24h and later vesicoureteral reflux, if indicated.
Authors: M Beatrice Damasio; Lil-Sofie Ording Müller; Thomas A Augdal; Fred E Avni; Luca Basso; Costanza Bruno; Damjana Ključevšek; Annemieke S Littooij; Stéphanie Franchi-Abella; Luisa M Lobo; Hans-Joachim Mentzel; Marcello Napolitano; Aikaterini Ntoulia; Michael Riccabona; Samuel Stafrace; M Magdalena M Woźniak; Philippe Petit Journal: Pediatr Radiol Date: 2019-11-27
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