Upconversion nanoprobes for efficiently in vitro imaging reactive oxygen species and in vivo diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.

Over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely associated with the biological processes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thus, efficient monitoring ROS in inflammatory joints would be essential for better understanding the pathogenesis and optimizing therapeutic interventions. Herein, we designed a ratiometric nanoprobe utilizing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) conjugated with chromophore labeled hyaluronic acid (HA) for high sensitively sensing ROS in the aqueous solution, bioimaging ROS in inflammatory mimic cells and diagnosing RA in vivo. In this approach, the conjugation of HA conferred UCNPs not only water solubility but also biocompatibility and ROS recognizing properties. Particularly, the HA backbone cleavage and detachment of chromophore labeled HA fragments from UCNPs induced by ROS inhibited the luminescent energy transfer (LRET) and allowed rational metric upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission as the detection signal. Importantly, the upconversion nanoprobe showed high effectiveness for early assessing the treatment response of arthritic animals to an antiarthritic drug-methotrexate (MTX).