Microfabricated three-electrode on-chip PDMS device with a vibration motor for stripping voltammetric detection of heavy metal ions.

A microfabricated three-electrode on-chip device with a vibration motor for stripping voltammetric detection of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions is introduced. Gold electrodes on a glass substrate are utilized as the counter electrode directly, as well as the working electrode with bismuth coating. The reference electrode is achieved by painting silver/silver chloride layer on the gold layer. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cover is bonded onto the glass substrate, organizing a compact module. A vibration motor in the device provides vibration as the alternate for stirring to improve detection limits and decrease deposition time. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is performed with the on-chip reference electrode and a commercial liquid electrolyte Ag/AgCl electrode, showing that the potential shift is less than 20 mV. Differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) is used to detect Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions. Linearity is well defined from 10 µg/L to 80 µg/L for both ions. Detection limits for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions are 0.7 µg/L and 1.2 µg/L, respectively, at 325 s deposition without vibration; the limits are 0.11 µg/L and 0.25 µg/L at 120 s deposition with vibration. The reliability is verified by detecting Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) concentrations of natural water samples and comparing with the results obtained from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).