Biomarkers of glioblastoma multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignancy of the central nervous system. Modern treatments using surgery and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are improving survival of patients, but prognosis is still very poor, depending inter alia on the patients' individual genomic traits. Most GBMs are primary; however, secondary GBMs have a better prognosis. Aberrant gene expression and copy number alterations make it possible to identify four subtypes: classical, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural. More and more biomarkers continue to be identified in GBM patients. Such biomarkers are related with varying degrees of specificity to one or more of GBM's subtypes and, in many instances, may provide useful information about prognosis. Biomarkers fall into either the imaging or molecular category. Molecular biomarkers are identified by use of such platforms as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In the future, biomarkers, either individually or in some combination, will more reliably identify the pathogenic type of GBM and determine choice of therapy.