Valuing health at the end of life: a stated preference discrete choice experiment.

A source of debate in the field of health care priority setting is whether health gains should be weighted differently for different groups of patients. The debate has recently focused on the relative value of life extensions for patients with short life expectancy. However, few studies have examined empirically whether society is prepared to fund life-extending end-of-life treatments that would not meet the reimbursement criteria used for other treatments. A web-based discrete choice experiment was conducted in 2012 using a sample of 3969 members of the general public in England and Wales. The study design was informed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's supplementary policy for the appraisal of life-extending end-of-life treatments. The choice tasks involved asking respondents which of two hypothetical patients they would prefer to treat, assuming that the health service has enough funds to treat only one of them. Conditional logit regressions were used for modelling. Choices about which patient to treat were influenced more by the sizes of treatment gains than by patients' life expectancy without treatment. Some respondents appear to support a health-maximisation type objective throughout, whilst a small minority always seek to treat those who are worse off without treatment. The majority of respondents, however, seem to advocate a mixture of the two approaches. Overall, we find little evidence that members of the general public prefer to give higher priority to life-extending end-of-life treatments than to other types of treatment. When asked to make decisions about the treatment of hypothetical patients with relatively short life expectancies, most people's choices are driven by the size of the health gains offered by treatment.