Mubeen F Rafay1, Derek Armstrong2, Peter Dirks3, Daune L MacGregor4, Gabrielle deVeber5. 1. Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Childrens Hospital Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: mubeen.rafay@utoronto.ca. 2. Department of Radiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3. Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 5. Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Sciences Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Moyamoya disease is characterized by progressive cerebrovascular stenosis with recurrent cerebral ischemic events. Transient ischemic attacks are often associated with hyperventilation in children with moyamoya, suggesting hypoperfusion rather than thrombotic vaso-occlusion as a prominent mechanism. The patterns of ischemia and severity of steno-occlusive disease in such children may elucidate these mechanisms. METHODS: Children, 1 month to 18 years, with moyamoya, observed over 11 years were analyzed. A study neuroradiologist reviewed all presurgical neuroimaging. Ischemic injury was categorized into cortical, subcortical, and watershed infarction. Angiographic findings were staged using a standardized method. RESULTS: Twenty children, 15 girls, median age 6.4 years, were included. All children had magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, and in 16, conventional angiography was available. All 40 hemispheres, in 20 children, were evaluated. The initial clinical presentation included neurological deficits in 17, recurrent transient ischemic attacks in 7, headache in 8, seizures in 8, and alteration in consciousness in 4 children. Infarcts were bilateral in 13 (65%) children (ischemia alone in 14, ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation in two, and primary hemorrhage in two). Infarcts were cortical and/or subcortical in 13 (65%), both deep and cortical watershed in 11 (55%), and cortical watershed alone in 5 (25%) children. The predominant vascular territory involved was the middle cerebral artery. The internal carotid arterial system was involved in all, with stage IV being the most frequent angiographic stage. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic injury in deep watershed zones is common in childhood moyamoya and may reflect non-vaso-occlusive ischemic mechanisms. Location and severity of vascular involvement may correlate with various patterns of ischemic infarction in moyamoya disease and requires further study.
BACKGROUND:Moyamoya disease is characterized by progressive cerebrovascular stenosis with recurrent cerebral ischemic events. Transient ischemic attacks are often associated with hyperventilation in children with moyamoya, suggesting hypoperfusion rather than thrombotic vaso-occlusion as a prominent mechanism. The patterns of ischemia and severity of steno-occlusive disease in such children may elucidate these mechanisms. METHODS:Children, 1 month to 18 years, with moyamoya, observed over 11 years were analyzed. A study neuroradiologist reviewed all presurgical neuroimaging. Ischemic injury was categorized into cortical, subcortical, and watershed infarction. Angiographic findings were staged using a standardized method. RESULTS: Twenty children, 15 girls, median age 6.4 years, were included. All children had magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, and in 16, conventional angiography was available. All 40 hemispheres, in 20 children, were evaluated. The initial clinical presentation included neurological deficits in 17, recurrent transient ischemic attacks in 7, headache in 8, seizures in 8, and alteration in consciousness in 4 children. Infarcts were bilateral in 13 (65%) children (ischemia alone in 14, ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation in two, and primary hemorrhage in two). Infarcts were cortical and/or subcortical in 13 (65%), both deep and cortical watershed in 11 (55%), and cortical watershed alone in 5 (25%) children. The predominant vascular territory involved was the middle cerebral artery. The internal carotid arterial system was involved in all, with stage IV being the most frequent angiographic stage. CONCLUSIONS:Ischemic injury in deep watershed zones is common in childhood moyamoya and may reflect non-vaso-occlusive ischemic mechanisms. Location and severity of vascular involvement may correlate with various patterns of ischemic infarction in moyamoya disease and requires further study.
Authors: Kristin P Guilliams; Melanie E Fields; Dustin K Ragan; Yasheng Chen; Cihat Eldeniz; Monica L Hulbert; Michael M Binkley; James N Rhodes; Joshua S Shimony; Robert C McKinstry; Katie D Vo; Hongyu An; Jin-Moo Lee; Andria L Ford Journal: Pediatr Neurol Date: 2016-12-07 Impact factor: 3.372
Authors: Mubeen F Rafay; Kevin A Shapiro; Ann-Marie Surmava; Gabrielle A deVeber; Adam Kirton; Heather J Fullerton; Catherine Amlie-Lefond; Bernhard Weschke; Nomazulu Dlamini; Jessica L Carpenter; Mark T Mackay; Michael Rivkin; Alexandra Linds; Timothy J Bernard Journal: Neurology Date: 2020-05-26 Impact factor: 9.910