Emine Rabia Koc1, Emre Cemal Gökce2, Mehmet Akif Sönmez3, Mehmet Namuslu4, Aysun Gökce5, A Said Bodur6. 1. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey. Electronic address: erabiakoc@yahoo.com. 2. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey. 3. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey. 4. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey. 5. Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. 6. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Medical Statistics, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the potential effects of borax on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat spinal cord. METHODS: Twenty-one Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups: sham (no ischemia/reperfusion), ischemia/reperfusion, and borax (ischemia/reperfusion + borax); each group was consist of 7 animals. Infrarenal aortic cross clamp was applied for 30 minutes to generate spinal cord ischemia. Animals were evaluated functionally with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring system and inclined-plane test. The spinal cord tissue samples were harvested to analyze tissue concentrations of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase activity, xanthine oxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and total oxidant status and to perform histopathological examination. RESULTS: At the 72nd hour after ischemia, the borax group had significantly higher Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan and inclined-plane scores than those of ischemia/reperfusion group. Histopathological examination of spinal cord tissues in borax group showed that treatment with borax significantly reduced the degree of spinal cord edema, inflammation, and tissue injury disclosed by light microscopy. Xanthine oxidase activity and total oxidant status levels of the ischemia/reperfusion group were significantly higher than those of the sham and borax groups (P < .05), and total antioxidant capacity levels of borax group were significantly higher than those of the ischemia/reperfusion group (P < .05). There was not a significantly difference between the sham and borax groups in terms of total antioxidant capacity levels (P > .05). The nitric oxide levels and nitric oxide synthase activity of all groups were similar (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Borax treatment seems to protect the spinal cord against injury in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model and improve neurological outcome.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the potential effects of borax on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat spinal cord. METHODS: Twenty-one Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups: sham (no ischemia/reperfusion), ischemia/reperfusion, and borax (ischemia/reperfusion + borax); each group was consist of 7 animals. Infrarenal aortic cross clamp was applied for 30 minutes to generate spinal cord ischemia. Animals were evaluated functionally with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring system and inclined-plane test. The spinal cord tissue samples were harvested to analyze tissue concentrations of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase activity, xanthine oxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and total oxidant status and to perform histopathological examination. RESULTS: At the 72nd hour after ischemia, the borax group had significantly higher Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan and inclined-plane scores than those of ischemia/reperfusion group. Histopathological examination of spinal cord tissues in borax group showed that treatment with borax significantly reduced the degree of spinal cord edema, inflammation, and tissue injury disclosed by light microscopy. Xanthine oxidase activity and total oxidant status levels of the ischemia/reperfusion group were significantly higher than those of the sham and borax groups (P < .05), and total antioxidant capacity levels of borax group were significantly higher than those of the ischemia/reperfusion group (P < .05). There was not a significantly difference between the sham and borax groups in terms of total antioxidant capacity levels (P > .05). The nitric oxide levels and nitric oxide synthase activity of all groups were similar (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS:Borax treatment seems to protect the spinal cord against injury in a ratischemia/reperfusion model and improve neurological outcome.
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