World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores - Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea.

Comprising more than 6500 species, Opiliones is the third most diverse order of Arachnida, after the megadiverse Acari and Araneae. The database referred here is part 1 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of Opiliones as Darwin Core archives, and it includes the superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. These two superfamilies are often treated together under the denomination of Insidiatores. In this Part 1, a total of 571 species and subspecies are listed. Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae are both downgraded to subfamilies of Travuniidae. Peltonychia Roewer, 1935 is an available name and senior synonym of Hadziana Roewer, 1935 and is herein revalidated. Seven genera of Triaenonychidae described by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 originally failed to comply ICZN rules for availability (Art. 13.3). All of them only became available when Staręga (1992) designated a type species for each. Therefore, the correct authorships of Austromontia Lawrence, 1931, Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931, Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, Larifugella Lawrence, 1933, Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931, Monomontia Lawrence, 1931 and Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931 are all Staręga, 1992. Fumontana Shear, 1977, originally referred only to subfamily Triaenonychinae (as opposed to Soerensenellinae then and not corresponding to present Triaenonychinae), not to any tribe (which in turn correspond to modern subfamilies) is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Picunchenops Maury, 1988 originally not included in any tribe of Triaenonychidae, is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Trojanella Karaman, 2005, originally ranked as Travunioidea incertae sedis, is herein included in the TravuniidaeTravuniinae. Nunciaovata Roewer, 1915 (synonymized with Triaenonyxcockayni Hogg, 1920 by Forster (1954), but with inverted precedence) is here combined as Nunciacoriaceaovata Roewer, 1915 as correct senior synonym instead of Nunciacoriaceacockayni (Hogg, 1920), which is current in the literature. Neonunciaenderbei (Hogg, 1909) is reaffirmed as the correct spelling for the species, while the deliberate change to Neonunciaenderbyi by Forster (1954) is an incorrect subsequent spelling.

Introduction

Placement and composition

For decades, and have been historically regarded as a single unit, called (e.g., Martens 1980). Kury (2003) resurrected the name Insidiatores Loman 1900 to collectively refer to them, but subsequent authors failed to recover the monophyly of Insidiatores (Giribet and Kury 2007) and even of the component families (Sharma and Giribet 2011).

Both morphological (Mendes 2009) and molecular (Giribet et al. 2010,  Sharma and Giribet 2011) phylogenetic analyses found that the Palearctic “” group with expanded and . Kury (2013)  following results of Mendes (2009) fused  and  with , which is also supported by Giribet et al. (2010) and Sharma and Giribet (2011). Herein we adopt this scheme of classification, and downgrade and to subfamilies of further. Mendes (2009) found that the sensu stricto are sister to , not to , in contrast with Giribet and collaborators, who found as sister group of . Giribet et al. 2010 and Sharma and Giribet 2011 found as the sister group to all other , but this placement is not incorporated here.

The North American monotypic Shear, 1977 is probably closely related to the southern triaenonychids, although its exact positioning in the family is still unknown (Giribet and Kury 2007, Thomas and Hedin 2008, Mendes 2009). It is currently the only representative of from the Northern Hemisphere. The only analysis with broader representation of Insidiatores (Mendes 2009) found closer to Sørensen, 1886 than to Pocock, 1902, Sørensen, 1886 and Karsch, 1880 hence we consider this species here as a member of the subfamily .

According to the results of Mendes (2009), Karaman, 2005, currently considered a incertae sedis (Karaman 2005), groups with the European travunioids, forming a clade with Absolon, 1920, and based on those results we newly assign this species to , subfamily . Mendes also included Maury, 1988 in her analyses. Originally this species was placed by Maury (1988) in , but not to any of its tribes (which roughly corresponds to subfamilies). In her results, Mendes found that this species is closer to and other triaenonychines, thus we consider herein this species as a , subfamily (or in Maury's terms, ).

We provide additional nomenclatural considerations in the section "Additional information".

Recent works on these groups

In the last years, some work has been done with North American . Shear (2008) synonymized a species of , Roewer, 1949 (originally assigned to ) with the travuniid (Packard, 1888). Shear and Derkarabetian (2008) redefined based on characters of the penis and proposed the synonymy of Kaolinonychinae as its junior synonym.  Derkarabetian et al. (2011) and Derkarabetian and Hedin (2014) have been studying the sclerobunines using modern integrative taxonomy to detect morphological homogeneous undescribed species, synonymies and the evolution of troglomorphisms (Derkarabetian et al. 2011, Derkarabetian and Hedin 2014). Most recent published work on is only cursory and on Afrotropical taxa (e.g., Mendes and Kury 2012), while Australasian and Neotropical members are neglected of late.

General description

Purpose

This project is a checklist of all valid specific and subspecific names (counted together) of the arachnid order . The project intends to deliver 12 parts for ease of handling and preparing manuscripts. This is part 1 of 12 and covers the two basal superfamilies of – the and the .

Project description

Title

World Checklist of species ().

Personnel

Adriano B. Kury (Author, Content Provider, Metadata Provider), Amanda C. Mendes (Author, Content Provider), Daniele R. Souza (Author, Content Provider).

Design description

This project aims to produce a general checklist of all the valid species and subspecies (which are counted together) names of harvestmen of the world (, order ). That is, only senior homonyms and synonyms are included. Alternative unused combinations are not listed.

Given the bulk of the project, it is divided in 12 parts as follows (numbers of subsequent parts are subject to change):

Part 1. – and (571 spp)

Part 2. –  incertae sedis, and (564 spp)

Part 3. – (529 spp)

Part 4. – and (539 spp)

Part 5. – lesser (506 spp)

Part 6. – (729 spp)

Part 7. – (760 spp)

Part 8. and (552 spp)

Part 9. – incertae sedis, ,   and (476 spp)

Part 10. – lesser (289 spp)

Part 11. – : Old World (741 spp)

Part 12. – : New World (313 spp)

Funding

This study has been supported by grants # 562149/2010-4 (PROTAX – OPESC project), # 504327/2012-7 (Sistema de Informações sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiB-Br) - Coleções Biológicas) and scholarship # 302116/2010-9 (PQ - AMMA project) from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

Geographic coverage

Description

General spatial coverage: worldwide. The and together have 307 Australasian species, 159 Afrotropical, 40 Nearctic, 38 Palearctic, 26 Neotropical and only 1 Holarctic. As  is a typical Laurasian group, while  represents a mostly temperate Gondwana fauna, there are no records of these groups from Indo-Malaya.  Enderlein, 1909 from Crozet Island, French Subantarctic Lands is here listed as Australasian.

Taxonomic coverage

This part 1 of the checklist includes the Insidiatores Loman 1900, which represent the basal . Superfamilies and . The taxonomic outline for large groups of used here follows Kury (2013).

The have 78 valid species/subspecies, including 39 Nearctic, 38 Palearctic and 1 Holarctic taxa. Three families and 5 subfamilies are recognized here: ,  ( Fig. 1,  Fig. 2),  ( Fig. 3,  Fig. 4,  Figs 5, 6).

Figure 1.

, ,  (Banks, 1893), adult, USA. Photo, ID and copyright © by Marshal Hedin. Image online at link.

Figure 2.

, , Briggs, 1971, adult, USA, WA, Pacific Co.. Photo, ID and copyright © by Marshal Hedin. Image online at link.

Figure 3.

, ,   sp., adult, collected by C. Richart & S. Derkarabetian, 3 April, 2008, USA, OR, Clatsop Co. Photographed in lab. Photo,  ID and copyright © by Marshal Hedin. Image online at link.

Figure 4.

, ,  Briggs, 1969, teneral adult, USA, OR, Curry Co., Lobster Creek Rd. Photo, ID and copyright © Axel Schönhofer. Image online at link.

Figure 5.

, , (Lucas, 1861), adult, Italy Roncobello. Photo, ID and copyright © Axel Schönhofer. Image online at link.

Figure 6.

, Karaman, 2005, adult from Serbia, image cropped. Photo, ID and copyright © Ivo Karaman.

The include 493 valid species/subspecies, with 307 Australasian, 159 Afrotropical, 26 Neotropical and 1 Nearctic taxa. A single species from the Crozet Islands is listed here as Australasian. Two families and 4 subfamilies are recognized here:  Fig. 7,  ( Fig. 8,  Fig. 9,  Fig. 10,  Fig. 11).

Figure 7.

, sp., adult, New Zealand. Photo, ID and copyright © Gonzalo Giribet. Image online at link.

Figure 8.

, , sp. from South Africa, Hogsback. ID by Amanda C. Mendes. Photo and copyright © by Charles Haddad.

Figure 9.

, ,  sp., adult, New Zealand, Waikato. Photo, ID and copyright © Gonzalo Giribet. Image online at link.

Figure 10.

, ,  sp. adult male, Australia, Tasmania, Hobart, Tolmans Hill. ID by Adriano B. Kury. Photo and copyright © by Kristi Ellingsen. Image online at link.

Figure 11.

, ,  sp. adult, Australia, Tasmania, Verona Sands, found under rock in boggy ground. ID by Amanda C. Mendes. Photo copyright © by Andrew Bonnitcha. Image online at link.

Temporal coverage

Data range: 1758 1 01 – 2014 8 31.

Usage rights

Use license

Open Data Commons Attribution License

Data resources

Data package title

World Checklist of species (). Part 1: – and

Resource link

GBIF: http://ipt.pensoft.net/ipt/resource.do?r=opiliones1

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

World Checklist of species (). Part 1: – and

Data format

Darwin Core Archive format

Number of columns

20

Character set

UTF-8

Download URL

http://ipt.pensoft.net/ipt/archive.do?r=opiliones1

Data format version

1.0

originally in (Hadži 1935), elevated to family by Cokendolpher (1985) by synonymizing with ). Both and were fused with by Kury (2013) (See Introduction: Placement and composition). In this paper we downgrade them to subfamilies of : , . New familial assignment.

Forster (1954) synonymized Roewer, 1915 with  Hogg, 1920, which he considered as a subspecies of (Pocock, 1902). But he overlooked the fact that is senior to (although junior of ) and inverted the precedence. This is corrected here, through the new combination Roewer, 1915. Author name should not be within parentheses because it is combined within the same genus, although in a different subspecific arrangement.

Forster (1954) changed the name of (Hogg, 1909) to , better to conform with the spelling of the island name. But this is an incorrect subsequent spelling according to ICZN (32.5.1. – "Incorrect transliteration or latinization, or use of an inappropriate connecting vowel, are not to be considered inadvertent errors."), and the original spelling by Hogg should be conserved.

Kury and Mendes (2007) detected that some genera published by Roewer (1935) did not meet ICZN conditions for availability. However, this is not true for . Kury & Mendes saw only the heading of this genus, treated by Roewer in page 55, but they overlooked one nomenclatural act buried amidst the introductory text of Roewer, much earlier in the text. On page 12, Roewer explicitly stated: “Damit ist dieses Tier in die Familie der zu verweisen, und wir bezeichnen es mit (LUCAS) als Genotypus dieser Gattung...” Therefore, Lucas, 1861 was explicitly designated as type of and this genus was already available in Roewer (1935) being the valid senior synonym of , contra Kury and Mendes (2007). As a result, all eight species combined under are here combined under , restoring the combinations used by Martens (1978).

ICZN article 13.3 states “To be available, every new genus-group name published after 1930 (except those proposed for collective groups or ichnotaxa) must, in addition to satisfying the provisions of Article 13.1, be accompanied by the fixation of a type species in the original publication [Art. 68] or be expressly proposed as a new replacement name (nomen novum) [Art. 67.8].” Seven generic names published by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 include more than one species and did not originally have designation of a genus type. All of them only became available in Staręga’s catalogue (Staręga 1992), when he designated a type species for each. They are listed below:

Additional information

Nomenclatural notes

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1933: 226 [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 279 [type species: Lawrence, 1933, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 398 [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 282 [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 403 [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 283 [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 413; Kauri 1961: 101; [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 285; Kury 2006: 45 (key to species; distribution map) [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 381 [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 286 [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 416; Lawrence 1933: 222 [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 287 [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Staręga, 1992

Lawrence 1931: 388; Kauri 1961: 100  [unavailable name, ICZN 13.3].

Staręga 1992: 288 [type species: Lawrence, 1931, by original designation].

Darwin Core Archive: World Checklist of species (). Part 1: – and

Data type: occurences

Brief description: This is a local copy of the same database uploaded to GBIF IPT, but frozen in time.

File: oo_31952.txt

Rank	Scientific Name	Common Name
kingdom	Animalia	animals
phylum	Arthropoda	arthropods
class	Arachnida	arachnids
order	Opiliones	harvestmen
suborder	Laniatores
superfamily	Travunioidea
family	Nippononychidae
family	Paranonychidae
subfamily	Paranonychinae
subfamily	Sclerobuninae
family	Travuniidae
subfamily	Briggsinae
subfamily	Cladonychiinae
subfamily	Travuniinae
superfamily	Triaenonychoidea
family	Triaenonychidae
subfamily	Adaeinae
subfamily	Soerensenellinae
subfamily	Triaenobuninae
subfamily	Triaenonychinae
family	Synthetonychiidae

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
taxonID	unique ID for each specie/subspecies
suborder	Laniatores, the only suborder contained in Part 1 of this project
superfamily	name of the superfamily
family	name of the family
subfamily	name of the subfamily
genus	name of the genus
specificEpithet	species name
infraspecificEpithet	subspecies name
scientificNameAuthorship	authority
scientificName	combined full name with author and date
taxonRank	whether it is a species or subspecies
realm	one of the 6 Zoogeographical realms of the world, also Holarctic when combined occurence in Nearctic and Palearctic
taxonomicStatus	if valid or invalid, and in this case only valid names are included
rightsHolder	who detains the copyright
type	it is a checklist
basisOfRecord	it is a dataset
order	not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.
kingdom	not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.
phylum	not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.
class	not of much use in the context, but important for connection with other bases.