Indacaterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

INTRODUCTION: The need for a rapid onset of action and a long duration of the broncholytic effect is the likely reason for the development of new long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) that are fast acting and have true 24 h duration of action. Indacaterol is the archetype of once-daily LABAs and already marketed as a maintenance therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). AREAS COVERED: Meta-analyses of published data or pooled analyses of primary data provide good insight into the clinical role of indacaterol in COPD. EXPERT OPINION: The choice of the once-daily bronchodilator to start treatment in a patient with COPD mainly depends on the outcome of interest. Indacaterol is more effective than tiotropium if we consider symptoms or health-related quality of life as the primary outcome. Moreover, in symptomatic patient indacaterol should be preferred to tiotropium because of its rapid onset of action. By contrast, tiotropium appears to be more effective than indacaterol if exacerbations are the expected primary outcome. However, as indacaterol/glycopyrronium fixed-dose combination (QVA149) shows superior efficacy compared to glycopyrronium and tiotropium in patients with moderate to severe COPD, a fundamental question regarding the use of indacaterol that requires clarification is whether it is preferable to start immediately with QVA149 rather than using indacaterol alone.