Roksana Karim1, Frank Z Stanczyk, Roberta D Brinton, Jamaica Rettberg, Howard N Hodis, Wendy J Mack. 1. Atherosclerosis Research Unit (R.K., H.H.N., W.J.M.), Departments of Preventive Medicine (R.K., H.H.N., W.J.M.), Medicine (H.H.N.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.Z.S.), Keck School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science (R.D.B., H.H.N.), School of Pharmacy; and Department of Neuroscience (J.R.), Graduate Program, Dornsife College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Sex hormones, adipokines, and ghrelin have been implicated in central control of appetite, energy homeostasis, maintenance of fat mass, and inflammation. Women tend to gain weight after menopause and adipose tissue is a major source of sex steroid postmenopause. Understanding the dynamics of these analytes are of particular importance in postmenopausal women, who are at greater risk for cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the associations of adipokines and ghrelin with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline clinical trial data. SETTING: The parent trial was conducted at a university clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Baseline data from 634 postmenopausal women participating in the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE). PARTICIPANTS had no history of chronic illness in the past 5 years and were not taking exogenous hormone therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum levels of estrone (E1), total estradiol (E2), free estradiol (FE2), free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (T), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). RESULTS: Adjusted for age, race, time since menopause, and body mass index (BMI), leptin concentrations were significantly positively associated with E1, E2, FE2, and FT and inversely associated with SHBG levels. Only the associations of adiponectin with FE2 (inverse) and SHBG (positive) remained significant after controlling for BMI. The inverse associations of adiponectin with E1, E2, and FT were substantially mediated by BMI. Associations of ghrelin with E1, E2, FE2, and SHBG were not independent of BMI. Waist-to-hip circumference ratio was not a mediator in any of the associations. CONCLUSIONS: In postmenopausal women, leptin and adiponectin concentrations are substantially correlated with sex hormone and SHBG concentrations regardless of obesity status.
CONTEXT: Sex hormones, adipokines, and ghrelin have been implicated in central control of appetite, energy homeostasis, maintenance of fat mass, and inflammation. Women tend to gain weight after menopause and adipose tissue is a major source of sex steroid postmenopause. Understanding the dynamics of these analytes are of particular importance in postmenopausal women, who are at greater risk for cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the associations of adipokines and ghrelin with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline clinical trial data. SETTING: The parent trial was conducted at a university clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Baseline data from 634 postmenopausal women participating in the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE). PARTICIPANTS had no history of chronic illness in the past 5 years and were not taking exogenous hormone therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum levels of estrone (E1), total estradiol (E2), free estradiol (FE2), free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (T), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). RESULTS: Adjusted for age, race, time since menopause, and body mass index (BMI), leptin concentrations were significantly positively associated with E1, E2, FE2, and FT and inversely associated with SHBG levels. Only the associations of adiponectin with FE2 (inverse) and SHBG (positive) remained significant after controlling for BMI. The inverse associations of adiponectin with E1, E2, and FT were substantially mediated by BMI. Associations of ghrelin with E1, E2, FE2, and SHBG were not independent of BMI. Waist-to-hip circumference ratio was not a mediator in any of the associations. CONCLUSIONS: In postmenopausal women, leptin and adiponectin concentrations are substantially correlated with sex hormone and SHBG concentrations regardless of obesity status.
Authors: Ema Kantorova; Maria Chomova; Egon Kurca; Stefan Sivak; Kamil Zelenak; Pavol Kučera; Peter Galajda Journal: Neuro Endocrinol Lett Date: 2011 Impact factor: 0.765
Authors: Rachel P Wildman; Ping G Tepper; Sybil Crawford; Joel S Finkelstein; Kim Sutton-Tyrrell; Rebecca C Thurston; Nanette Santoro; Barbara Sternfeld; Gail A Greendale Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2012-06-21 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Rita Rastogi Kalyani; Manuel Franco; Adrian S Dobs; Pamela Ouyang; Dhananjay Vaidya; Alain Bertoni; Susan M Gapstur; Sherita Hill Golden Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2009-09-29 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Jamaica R Rettberg; Ha Dang; Howard N Hodis; Victor W Henderson; Jan A St John; Wendy J Mack; Roberta Diaz Brinton Journal: Neurobiol Aging Date: 2016-01-29 Impact factor: 4.673
Authors: Susan A Everson-Rose; Emma J M Barinas-Mitchell; Samar R El Khoudary; Hsin-Hui Huang; Qi Wang; Imke Janssen; Rebecca C Thurston; Elizabeth A Jackson; Melissa E Lewis; Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez; Peter Mancuso; Carol A Derby Journal: J Am Heart Assoc Date: 2021-03-27 Impact factor: 5.501
Authors: Jill M Goldstein; Laura Holsen; Grace Huang; Bradley D Hammond; Tamarra James-Todd; Sara Cherkerzian; Taben M Hale; Robert J Handa Journal: Dialogues Clin Neurosci Date: 2016-12 Impact factor: 5.986
Authors: Ning Ding; Carrie A Karvonen-Gutierrez; William H Herman; Antonia M Calafat; Bhramar Mukherjee; Sung Kyun Park Journal: Int J Hyg Environ Health Date: 2021-06-02 Impact factor: 7.401
Authors: Madeline E Graham; William G Herbert; Stephanie D Song; Harshini N Raman; Jade E Zhu; Paulina E Gonzalez; Marina R S Walther-António; Marc J Tetel Journal: Trends Endocrinol Metab Date: 2021-05-25 Impact factor: 10.586
Authors: Roksana Karim; Ha M Dang; Howard N Hodis; Frank Z Stanczyk; Roberta D Brinton; Wendy J Mack Journal: Menopause Date: 2020-05 Impact factor: 3.310
Authors: Paweł Madej; Grzegorz Franik; Piotr Kurpas; Aleksander Owczarek; Jerzy Chudek; Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Journal: Dis Markers Date: 2016-05-12 Impact factor: 3.434