Renwang Liu1, Jinghao Liu1, Xin Li1, Ying Li2, Qingchun Zhao1, Zuosheng Li1, Hongyu Liu2, Jun Chen3. 1. Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052 Tianjin, China. 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052 Tianjin, China. 3. Department of Lung Cancer Surgery;Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052 Tianjin, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways and the therapeutic effects of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have recently proven that targeted therapy has a major role in the treatment of lung cancer. However, the therapeutic effects of EGFR-TKIs on lung cancers with different EGFR mutation subtypes remain unclear. And if there is a significant difference in the effects of EGFR-TKIs, the mechanisms for the difference remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical importance of EGFR mutations in exons 19 and 21 of lung cancer patients and to compare the outcomes of these patients. METHODS: The study recruited 113 patients who had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations were detected for 47 patients using Real-time PCR or DNA sequencinag. The mutations of the remaining patients were determined using xTag-EGFR liquid chip technology. All stages I-III patients underwent radical resection followed by 4 cycles of postoperative chemotherapy. Patients with pleural metastases underwent pleural biopsy, pleurodesis, and chemotherapy only. Patients with distant metastases underwent biopsy and chemotherapy only. Collected clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software. RESULTS: EGFR exon mutations 19 and 21 were found in 56 and 57 patients, respectively. The mean age of patients with exon 19 mutations was lower than the age of the patients with exon 21 mutations (57.02±11.31 years vs 62.25±7.76 years, respectively; P<0.05). The primary tumors of patients with exon 19 mutations were more likely occur in the right lung. There were no significant differences in gender, smoking status, histopathology, level of differentiation, and stage of disease (P>0.05) between the patients with exon 19 and 21 mutations; and survival analysis of 91 (80.5%) patients with complete clinical data found no differences in overall survival. Stratification analysis found out that patients with exon 19 mutations had longer overall survival associated with age>61 years, male gender, ever smoking, and stage IV disease; although the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the lung cancer patients with EGFR exon 21 mutations, the patients with EGFR exon 19 mutations were younger, and their primary tumors were more likely to occur in the right lung. There were no significant differences between the lung cancer patients with exon 19 and 21 mutations for overall survival, gender, smoking status, histopathology, level of differentiation, and disease stage.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways and the therapeutic effects of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have recently proven that targeted therapy has a major role in the treatment of lung cancer. However, the therapeutic effects of EGFR-TKIs on lung cancers with different EGFR mutation subtypes remain unclear. And if there is a significant difference in the effects of EGFR-TKIs, the mechanisms for the difference remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical importance of EGFR mutations in exons 19 and 21 of lung cancerpatients and to compare the outcomes of these patients. METHODS: The study recruited 113 patients who had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations were detected for 47 patients using Real-time PCR or DNA sequencinag. The mutations of the remaining patients were determined using xTag-EGFR liquid chip technology. All stages I-III patients underwent radical resection followed by 4 cycles of postoperative chemotherapy. Patients with pleural metastases underwent pleural biopsy, pleurodesis, and chemotherapy only. Patients with distant metastases underwent biopsy and chemotherapy only. Collected clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software. RESULTS:EGFR exon mutations 19 and 21 were found in 56 and 57 patients, respectively. The mean age of patients with exon 19 mutations was lower than the age of the patients with exon 21 mutations (57.02±11.31 years vs 62.25±7.76 years, respectively; P<0.05). The primary tumors of patients with exon 19 mutations were more likely occur in the right lung. There were no significant differences in gender, smoking status, histopathology, level of differentiation, and stage of disease (P>0.05) between the patients with exon 19 and 21 mutations; and survival analysis of 91 (80.5%) patients with complete clinical data found no differences in overall survival. Stratification analysis found out that patients with exon 19 mutations had longer overall survival associated with age>61 years, male gender, ever smoking, and stage IV disease; although the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the lung cancerpatients with EGFR exon 21 mutations, the patients with EGFR exon 19 mutations were younger, and their primary tumors were more likely to occur in the right lung. There were no significant differences between the lung cancerpatients with exon 19 and 21 mutations for overall survival, gender, smoking status, histopathology, level of differentiation, and disease stage.
选取2007年7月1日-2012年7月1日天津医科大学总医院肺部肿瘤外科收治的EGFR外显子19或21突变阳性肺癌患者共113例。其中,男性43例,女性70例;年龄33岁-78岁,中位年龄为61岁;吸烟患者31例,非吸烟82例;左侧原发49例,右侧原发64例;按世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)肺癌组织分类标准进行组织分型,其中鳞癌6例,腺癌95例,腺鳞癌7例,大细胞肺癌4例,肉瘤样癌1例;高分化57例,中分化37例,低分化12例,另有7例患者为活检确诊,未能确定分化程度;根据国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control, UICC)1997年新的修订标准进行肿瘤-淋巴结-转移(tumor node metastasis, TNM)分期,Ⅰ期31例,Ⅱ期15例,Ⅲ期42例,Ⅳ期25例。所有患者均通过手术病理或穿刺活检病理确诊,其中47例患者采用Real-time PCR或测序分析肺癌患者石蜡组织中EGFR外显子19、21突变状况,余66例患者则是采用x-TAG液相芯片技术进行分析。Ⅰ期-Ⅲ期患者均行肺癌根治术,术后给予4周期辅助化疗,其中鳞癌选用吉西他滨联合顺铂方案,腺癌选用培美曲塞联合顺铂治疗。对于Ⅳ期患者,仅胸膜转移者行开胸活检,种植结节灼烧术,胸膜固定术后给予化疗,方案同上;有远处转移患者共7例,行穿刺活检明确病理后,给予化疗,方案同上。所有标本均以10%福尔马林固定,常规石蜡包埋封存。生存时间从手术后或穿刺后第1天算起,截止至2014年7月25日。
本研究中,入组患者共113例,其基本特征及临床特点详见表 1。其中,女性(61.9%)、非吸烟(72.6%)、腺癌(84.1%)多见,与文献报道一致。检测出EGFR 19外显子突变患者共56例,21外显子突变患者共57例。其中19外显子突变患者平均年龄(57.02±11.31)岁,21外显子突变患者平均年龄(62.25±7.76)岁,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者均以女性(19外显子 vs 21外显子:66.1% vs 57.9%)、非吸烟(19外显子 vs 21外显子为73.2% vs 71.9%)多见,19、21外显子突变患者在不同性别和吸烟状况中的分布频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者基本特征详见表 2。
1
入组患者的基本情况
Basic information of 113 patients with EGFR mutaion
Characteristic
Number
Percentage
*The differentiation of 7 patients in this study is not defined. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.
Gender
Male
43
38.1%
Female
70
61.9%
Smoke status
Never
82
72.6%
Ever
31
27.4%
Primary site
Left side
49
43.4%
Right side
64
56.6%
Histology
Adenocarcinoma
95
84.1%
SCC
6
5.3%
Ad-SCC
7
6.2%
Large cell lung cancer
4
3.5%
Lung sarcomatoid carcinoma
1
0.9%
Differentiation*
Well
57
50.4%
Moderately
37
32.7%
Poorly
12
10.6%
TNM staging
Ⅰ
31
27.4%
Ⅱ
15
13.3%
Ⅲ
42
37.2%
Ⅳ
25
22.1%
2
EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者临床特征的比较
Different clinical features between exon 19 and 21 mutations
Parameters
EGFR mutation
Z/χ2
P
Exon 19 (n=56)
Exon 21 (n=57)
Age (yr)
57.02±11.31
62.25±7.76
-2.451
0.014
Gender
Male
19 (33.9%)
24 (42.1%)
0.801
0.371
Female
37 (66.1%)
33 (57.9%)
Somke status
Never
41 (73.2%)
41 (71.9%)
0.023
0.878
Ever
15 (26.8%)
16 (28.1%)
入组患者的基本情况Basic information of 113 patients with EGFR mutaionEGFR 19和21外显子突变患者临床特征的比较Different clinical features between exon 19 and 21 mutations
EGFR 19、21外显子突变患者病理生理学特点分析
通过临床资料收集,进行统计学分析,对比出19、21外显子突变患者肿瘤特点的差异,详见表 3。在肿瘤原发位点方面,19相对21外显子突变患者多好发于右侧(19外显子 vs 21外显子为66.1% vs 47.4%, P=0.045)。两组患者均以腺癌(外显子19 vs 外显子21:80.4% vs 87.7%,P=0.738),高分化肿瘤(19外显子 vs 21外显子:57.1% vs 43.9%, P=0.621)多见,差异无统计学意义。另外,两组资料TNM分期无明显差异(Ⅰ期:19外显子 vs 21外显子:33.9% vs 21.1%;Ⅱ期:19外显子 vs 21外显子:10.7% vs 15.8%;Ⅲ期:19外显子 vs 21外显子:35.7% vs 38.6%;Ⅳ期:19外显子 vs 21外显子:19.6% vs 24.6%, P=0.453)。
3
EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者病理生理特征的比较
Comparison of clinical significance between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and EGFR exon 21 mutation groups
Characteristic
EGFR mutation
χ2
P
Exon 19 (n=56)
Exon 21 (n=57)
**The differentiation of one patient with EGFR exon 19 mutation and 6 patients with EGFR exon 21 mutation is not defined in this study.
Primary site
Left side
19 (33.9%)
30 (52.6%)
4.023
0.045
Right side
37 (66.1%)
27(47.4%)
Histology
Adenocarcinoma
45 (80.4%)
50 (87.7%)
1.264
0.738
SCC
4 (7.1%)
2 (3.5%)
Ad-SCC
4 (7.1%)
3 (5.3%)
Others
3 (5.4%)
2 (3.5%)
Differentiation**
Well
32 (57.1%)
25 (43.9%)
0.953
0.621
Moderately
17 (30.4%)
20 (35.1%)
Poorly
6 (10.7%)
6 (10.5%)
TNM staging
Ⅰ
19 (33.9%)
12 (21.1%)
2.627
0.453
Ⅱ
6 (10.7%)
9 (15.8%)
Ⅲ
20 (35.7%)
22 (38.6%)
Ⅳ
11 (19.6%)
14 (24.6%)
EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者病理生理特征的比较Comparison of clinical significance between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and EGFR exon 21 mutation groups
EGFR 19、21外显子突变患者预后分析
截止到2014年7月25日,在113例EGFR突变患者中,有22例患者失访,31例患者死亡。将患者分为19外显子突变组和21外显子突变组,以患者死亡为事件终点。19外显子突变组患者失访12例,中位生存期1, 051天,而21外显子突变组患者失访10例,中位生存期1, 076天,两者总生存期无统计学差异(P=0.566,图 1)。应用Cox回归分析比较各因素风险比发现,高、中分化患者风险较低(高分化 vs 低分化,HR=0.203,95%CI: 0.076-0.543,P=0.001;中分化 vs 低分化,HR=0.203,95%CI:0.069-0.594,P=0.004),其余各项因素均无统计学意义。进一步,我们对患者进行分化程度的分层分析,发现在高中低各分化组患者中,19、21外显子突变患者未表现出明显差异,且无统计学意义(图 2)。
1
EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者总生存期的对比
The overall survival analysis of the patients with EGFR exon 19 & 21 mutations. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor.
2
以分化程度分层分析对比EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异
Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to differentiation.
EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者总生存期的对比The overall survival analysis of the patients with EGFR exon 19 & 21 mutations. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor.以分化程度分层分析对比EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to differentiation.随后,我们对两组患者分别就年龄、性别、吸烟情况对比分析19外显子突变患者和21外显子突变患者的预后情况。根据中位年龄,将病例分为≤61岁组和>61岁组,发现≤61岁组中19、21外显子突变患者预后无明显差异;在>61岁组中19外显子突变患者相对较好,但无统计学意义(图 3A、图 3B)。对性别进行分层分析发现,在女性患者中,19、21外显子突变患者预后无统计学差异;男性患者中,19外显子突变患者相对较好,但无统计学意义(图 3C、图 3D)。对吸烟状况进行分层分析发现,对于非吸烟患者,19外显子突变患者预后相对较差,但差异无统计学意义;对于吸烟患者,19外显子突变患者预后相对较好,但差异仍无统计学意义(图 3E、图 3F)。
3
以年龄、性别、吸烟状态进行分层分析,对比EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异
Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to age, gender and smoking status.
以年龄、性别、吸烟状态进行分层分析,对比EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to age, gender and smoking status.进一步,我们对两组患者分别根据分期进行分层分析。在各期中19、21外显子突变患者预后差异均无统计学意义,但对于Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期患者而言,19外显子突变患者预后表现出较差的趋势;Ⅲ期患者中两种突变类型的预后差异不明显;Ⅳ期患者中19外显子突变患者预后有较好趋势(图 4)。
4
对比不同分期的EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异
Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to clinical stage.
对比不同分期的EGFR 19和21外显子突变患者预后的差异Comparison of survival curves between EGFR exon 19 mutation groups and exon 21 mutation groups, adjusted to clinical stage.
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