Antithrombotic therapy in carotid artery stenosis: an update.

Carotid stenosis is generally associated with high risks of stroke and vascular events. In asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, with or without revascularization, optimal managements of carotid artery stenosis require the use of medications or lifestyle modifications (stopping smoking and monitoring hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes) to control the processes associated with atheroma to reduce the risk of embolic events. Moreover, antiplatelet therapy should be considered. There is little evidence that antiplatelet therapy is beneficial in preventing stroke or the progression of stenosis in asymptomatic patients, whereas, evidence of a benefit from antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of recurrent stroke in symptomatic patients with carotid atherosclerosis is more robust. Also, in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, perioperative antithrombotic therapy should include aspirin, while the addition of clopidogrel should be decided case-by-case. Furthermore, perioperative antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing carotid stenting should consist a combination of aspirin plus clopidogrel.