Role of bowel ultrasound in the management of postoperative Crohn's disease.

The use of biological and immunosuppressive therapy in Crohn's disease (CD) changed favorably the course of the disease and is currently suggested in the prevention of clinical recurrence. Symptomatic exacerbation is a feature of the natural course of the disease. Endoscopic recurrence may occur earlier than clinical manifestations and its rate is still high ever since the first year after surgery. The severity of mucosal lesions is highly predictive of a new flare of the disease so that the early detection of recurrence warrants strong therapeutic changes or a closer monitoring of the case. Endoscopy is at present the gold-standard technique for the diagnosis and grading of recurrence severity, but is poorly accepted by patients for its invasiveness. A simple and easy repeatable examination able to detect early signs of recurrence could be useful in the follow-up as an alternative or as a backing in the choice of the right timing for endoscopy in questionable cases. The use of bowel ultrasound (B-US) in the management of CD has grown in the past twenty years. Its accuracy in the real time detection of the disease and its complications, known since the 80's, together with the non-invasiveness, low cost and wide availability of the technique have influenced the extension of its clinical use in many referral centers in Europe. The latest generation of ultrasound scanners allows a precise and reproducible morphological assessment of the intestinal tract and the surrounding tissues and enables a complete evaluation of the disease. This review analyzes the literature history about B-US in the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence of CD and outlines the clinical implications of its use. Published works confirm a very good accuracy of B-US in the diagnosis of CD recurrence compared to endoscopy, also in the early phase. B-US shows a good correlation with Rutgeert's score grading, but does not prove significant association with C-reactive protein or CD Activity Index values. A wider use of B-US in the daily practice could allow to set a prompt diagnosis and an earlier and targeted treatment, probably sparing more invasive tests.