Yi Li1, Kelly To1, Peter Kanellakis1, Hamid Hosseini1, Virginie Deswaerte1, Peter Tipping1, Mark J Smyth1, Ban-Hock Toh1, Alexander Bobik1, Tin Kyaw2. 1. From the BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.Y., K.T., P.K., H.H., V.D., A.B., T.K.); Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School (L.Y., K.T., P.T., B.-H.T., T.K.) and Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences (A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.J.S.); and School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.J.S.). 2. From the BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.Y., K.T., P.K., H.H., V.D., A.B., T.K.); Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School (L.Y., K.T., P.T., B.-H.T., T.K.) and Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences (A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.J.S.); and School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia (M.J.S.). tinsoe.kyaw@bakeridi.edu.au.
Abstract
RATIONALE: CD4(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells augment atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE)(-/-) mice but their mechanisms of action are unknown. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the roles of bystander T, B, and NK cells; NKT cell-derived interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-21 cytokines; and NKT cell-derived perforin and granzyme B cytotoxins in promoting CD4(+) NKT cell atherogenicity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells into T- and B-cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice augmented aortic root atherosclerosis by ≈75% that was ≈30% of lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice; macrophage accumulation similarly increased. Transferred NKT cells were identified in the liver and atherosclerotic lesions of recipient mice. Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells into T-, B-cell-deficient, and NK cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Rag2(-/-)γC(-/-) mice also augmented atherosclerosis. These data indicate that CD4(+) NKT cells can exert proatherogenic effects independent of other lymphocytes. To investigate the role of NKT cell-derived interferon-γ, IL-4, and IL-21 cytokines and perforin and granzyme B cytotoxins, CD4(+) NKT cells from mice deficient in these molecules were transferred into NKT cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Jα18(-/-) mice. CD4(+) NKT cells deficient in IL-4, interferon-γ, or IL-21 augmented atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-)Jα18(-/-) mice by ≈95%, ≈80%, and ≈70%, respectively. Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells deficient in perforin or granzyme B failed to augment atherosclerosis. Apoptotic cells, necrotic cores, and proinflammatory VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein) were reduced in mice receiving perforin-deficient NKT cells. CD4(+) NKT cells are twice as potent as CD4(+) T cells in promoting atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: CD4(+) NKT cells potently promote atherosclerosis by perforin and granzyme B-dependent apoptosis that increases postapoptotic necrosis and inflammation.
RATIONALE: CD4(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells augment atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE)(-/-) mice but their mechanisms of action are unknown. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the roles of bystander T, B, and NK cells; NKT cell-derived interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-21 cytokines; and NKT cell-derived perforin and granzyme B cytotoxins in promoting CD4(+) NKT cell atherogenicity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells into T- and B-cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice augmented aortic root atherosclerosis by ≈75% that was ≈30% of lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice; macrophage accumulation similarly increased. Transferred NKT cells were identified in the liver and atherosclerotic lesions of recipient mice. Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells into T-, B-cell-deficient, and NK cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Rag2(-/-)γC(-/-) mice also augmented atherosclerosis. These data indicate that CD4(+) NKT cells can exert proatherogenic effects independent of other lymphocytes. To investigate the role of NKT cell-derived interferon-γ, IL-4, and IL-21 cytokines and perforin and granzyme B cytotoxins, CD4(+) NKT cells from mice deficient in these molecules were transferred into NKT cell-deficient ApoE(-/-)Jα18(-/-) mice. CD4(+) NKT cells deficient in IL-4, interferon-γ, or IL-21augmented atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-)Jα18(-/-) mice by ≈95%, ≈80%, and ≈70%, respectively. Transfer of CD4(+) NKT cells deficient in perforin or granzyme B failed to augment atherosclerosis. Apoptotic cells, necrotic cores, and proinflammatory VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein) were reduced in mice receiving perforin-deficient NKT cells. CD4(+) NKT cells are twice as potent as CD4(+) T cells in promoting atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS:CD4(+) NKT cells potently promote atherosclerosis by perforin and granzyme B-dependent apoptosis that increases postapoptotic necrosis and inflammation.
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