Literature DB >> 25396155

Compression therapy for leg ulcers.

Vijay Langer1.   

Abstract

Entities:  

Year:  2014        PMID: 25396155      PMCID: PMC4228667          DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.142557

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Indian Dermatol Online J        ISSN: 2229-5178


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Sir, The article compression therapy for venous leg ulcers by B Nair[1] is interesting, and the author has very lucidly dealt with an important aspect of management for leg ulcers, especially of venous origin. The cornerstone of management of patients with venous ulcers continues to be compression of the limb to eliminate edema counteracting the ambulatory venous hypertension (AVH) underlying the causative inflammatory mechanisms.[2] Based on multicenter, prospective, randomized trials, it appears that high-strength compression (more than 30 mmHg) and multilayered compression methods are more effective than lower strength or single layered compression.[3] Numerous bandaging regimens including a short stretch, multilayer systems, and double-layered compression stockings have been advocated. However, a multilayer graduated compression bandaging applied by trained personnel (providing 40 mmHg of pressure at the ankle and 17 mmHg at the upper calf) is accepted as the mainstay of treatment for chronic venous ulceration.[4] Compression materials can be classified into elastic and inelastic materials. Elastic material is not able to achieve strong pressure in the standing position when properly applied. Inelastic material exerts a very high standing pressure and strong or very strong pressure peaks during muscular exercise. This pressure is able to intermittently occlude the venous lumen. For these reasons, the inelastic bandage has a hemodynamic effect, is able to reduce AVH and should be preferred in ulcer treatment.[2] Once healed, patients should be advised to wear elastic stockings (Class II) to reduce the risk of recurrent ulceration.[5] Usually, 15-20% but maybe up to half of ulcers due to venous origin may be associated with arterial insufficiency.[6] All limbs must be examined carefully for adequate arterial supply before high-strength compression is applied. Patients who do not have palpable pedal pulses should be tested with Doppler ultrasound to determine their ankle brachial pressure indexes (ABPI). If the ABPI is above 0.8, the arterial supply is likely to be adequate for high-strength compression.[7] With ABPI between 0.5 and 0.8, no more than light (Class I) compression is to be used as arterial disease is likely, and compression may further compromise arterial blood supply. For patients with significant arterial insufficiency (ABPI < 0.5), compression stockings should not be worn. In these patients, it is important that other standard aspects of venous leg ulcer care are combined with compression to obtain optimal results. With an ABPI >1.3, compression should be avoided because high ABPI values may be due to calcified and incompressible arteries. In such patients, a specialist vascular assessment should be sought. Most venous leg ulcers are heavily exudative. Therefore, foams, alginates, and other highly absorptive primary dressings are selected for temporary coverage along with compression therapy. Which dressing is the best for these ulcers is not known. An extensive review published in the Cochrane database in 2006 concluded that the type of dressing applied to the wound under compression was not found to affect ulcer healing.[8] That compression therapy is the mainstay of management of leg ulcer is beyond doubt. However, clinicians should recognize that compliance with compression is likely to be poor, particularly as compression stockings may be very difficult to put on and takeoff. Owing to that and other reasons, patient compliance can vary widely from 10% to 80% with an average of approximately 40%.[910] It is this poor adherence to compression therapy that can be critical in not allowing ulcers to heal or to cause high recurrence. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the health care professional, to educate and motivate the patient to embrace this remedy, often for life.
  10 in total

Review 1.  Compression for venous leg ulcers.

Authors:  N Cullum; E A Nelson; A W Fletcher; T A Sheldon
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2001

Review 2.  Compression and venous surgery for venous leg ulcers.

Authors:  Giovanni Mosti
Journal:  Clin Plast Surg       Date:  2012-07       Impact factor: 2.017

3.  Venous ulcer: what is new?

Authors:  Joseph D Raffetto; William A Marston
Journal:  Plast Reconstr Surg       Date:  2011-01       Impact factor: 4.730

Review 4.  Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers.

Authors:  E Andrea Nelson; Sally E M Bell-Syer
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2012-08-15

Review 5.  Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers.

Authors:  S J Palfreyman; E A Nelson; R Lochiel; J A Michaels
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2006-07-19

6.  Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy.

Authors:  Seshadri Raju; Kathryn Hollis; Peter Neglen
Journal:  Ann Vasc Surg       Date:  2007-11       Impact factor: 1.466

Review 7.  Venous leg ulcers: patient concordance with compression therapy and its impact on healing and prevention of recurrence.

Authors:  Christine Moffatt; Dheerendra Kommala; Nathalie Dourdin; Yoonhee Choe
Journal:  Int Wound J       Date:  2009-10       Impact factor: 3.315

8.  Managing venous stasis disease and ulcers.

Authors:  David R Thomas
Journal:  Clin Geriatr Med       Date:  2013-05       Impact factor: 3.076

Review 9.  Compression for venous leg ulcers.

Authors:  Susan O'Meara; Nicky Cullum; E Andrea Nelson; Jo C Dumville
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2012-11-14

10.  Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers.

Authors:  Brijesh Nair
Journal:  Indian Dermatol Online J       Date:  2014-07
  10 in total

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