Jennifer Beam Dowd1, Amar Hamoudi. 1. Jennifer Beam Dowd is with Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health and the CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, New York, NY. Amar Hamoudi is with the Sanford School of Public Policy and Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham. NC.