Abigail A Ellsworth1, Mark P Zoland2, Timothy F Tyler3. 1. Pilates Therapy & Wellness Center of Weschester, Scarsdale, NY, USA. 2. General and Laparoscopic Surgeons of NY, New York, NY, USA. 3. Nicholas Institute for Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma (NISMAT) Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evaluation and treatment of groin pain in athletes is challenging. The anatomy is complex, and multiple pathologies often coexist. Different pathologies may cause similar symptoms, and many systems can refer pain to the groin. Many athletes with groin pain have tried prolonged rest and various treatment regimens, and received differing opinions as to the cause of their pain. The rehabilitation specialist is often given a non-specific referral of "groin pain" or "sports hernia." The cause of pain could be as simple as the effects of an adductor strain, or as complex as athletic pubalgia or inguinal disruption. The term "sports hernia" is starting to be replaced with more specific terms that better describe the injury. Inguinal disruption is used to describe the syndromes related to the injury of the inguinal canal soft tissue environs ultimately causing the pain syndrome. The term athletic pubalgia is used to describe the disruption and/or separation of the more medial common aponeurosis from the pubis, usually with some degree of adductor tendon pathology. TREATMENT: Both non-operative and post-operative treatment options share the goal of returning the athlete back to pain free activity. There is little research available to reference for rehabilitation guidelines and creation of a plan of care. Although each surgeon has their own specific set of post-operative guidelines, some common concepts are consistent among most surgeons. Effective rehabilitation of the high level athlete to pain free return to play requires addressing the differences in the biomechanics of the dysfunction when comparing athletic pubalgia and inguinal disruption. CONCLUSION: Proper evaluation and diagnostic skills for identifying and specifying the difference between athletic pubalgia and inguinal disruption allows for an excellent and efficient rehabilitative plan of care. Progression through the rehabilitative stages whether non-operative or post-operative allows for a focused rehabilitative program. As more information is obtained through MRI imaging and the diagnosis and treatment of inguinal disruption and athletic pubalgia becomes increasingly frequent, more research is warranted in this field to better improve the evidence based practice and rehabilitation of patients. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: 5.
BACKGROUND: Evaluation and treatment of groin pain in athletes is challenging. The anatomy is complex, and multiple pathologies often coexist. Different pathologies may cause similar symptoms, and many systems can refer pain to the groin. Many athletes with groin pain have tried prolonged rest and various treatment regimens, and received differing opinions as to the cause of their pain. The rehabilitation specialist is often given a non-specific referral of "groin pain" or "sports hernia." The cause of pain could be as simple as the effects of an adductor strain, or as complex as athletic pubalgia or inguinal disruption. The term "sports hernia" is starting to be replaced with more specific terms that better describe the injury. Inguinal disruption is used to describe the syndromes related to the injury of the inguinal canal soft tissue environs ultimately causing the pain syndrome. The term athletic pubalgia is used to describe the disruption and/or separation of the more medial common aponeurosis from the pubis, usually with some degree of adductor tendon pathology. TREATMENT: Both non-operative and post-operative treatment options share the goal of returning the athlete back to pain free activity. There is little research available to reference for rehabilitation guidelines and creation of a plan of care. Although each surgeon has their own specific set of post-operative guidelines, some common concepts are consistent among most surgeons. Effective rehabilitation of the high level athlete to pain free return to play requires addressing the differences in the biomechanics of the dysfunction when comparing athletic pubalgia and inguinal disruption. CONCLUSION: Proper evaluation and diagnostic skills for identifying and specifying the difference between athletic pubalgia and inguinal disruption allows for an excellent and efficient rehabilitative plan of care. Progression through the rehabilitative stages whether non-operative or post-operative allows for a focused rehabilitative program. As more information is obtained through MRI imaging and the diagnosis and treatment of inguinal disruption and athletic pubalgia becomes increasingly frequent, more research is warranted in this field to better improve the evidence based practice and rehabilitation of patients. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: 5.
Authors: Leonik A Ahumada; Salman Ashruf; Antonio Espinosa-de-los-Monteros; James N Long; Jorge I de la Torre; William P Garth; Luis O Vasconez Journal: Ann Plast Surg Date: 2005-10 Impact factor: 1.539
Authors: Sallie M Cowan; Anthony G Schache; Peter Brukner; Kim L Bennell; Paul W Hodges; Paul Coburn; Kay M Crossley Journal: Med Sci Sports Exerc Date: 2004-12 Impact factor: 5.411
Authors: Imran M Omar; Adam C Zoga; Eoin C Kavanagh; George Koulouris; Diane Bergin; Angela G Gopez; William B Morrison; William C Meyers Journal: Radiographics Date: 2008 Sep-Oct Impact factor: 5.333
Authors: Ernest Schilders; Alexandra Dimitrakopoulou; Michael Cooke; Quamar Bismil; Carlton Cooke Journal: Am J Sports Med Date: 2013-02-13 Impact factor: 6.202
Authors: Aali J Sheen; B M Stephenson; D M Lloyd; P Robinson; D Fevre; H Paajanen; A de Beaux; A Kingsnorth; O J Gilmore; D Bennett; I Maclennan; P O'Dwyer; D Sanders; M Kurzer Journal: Br J Sports Med Date: 2013-10-22 Impact factor: 13.800
Authors: Matthew J Kraeutler; Omer Mei-Dan; Iciar M Dávila Castrodad; Toghrul Talishinskiy; Edward Milman; Anthony J Scillia Journal: J Hip Preserv Surg Date: 2021-12-10