Splicing variants of androgen receptor in prostate cancer.

Significant advances in our understanding of continued androgen receptor (AR) signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer have led to the development and FDA approval of two next-generation androgen-directed therapies, abiraterone and enzalutamide. These new therapies heralded a new era of prostate cancer therapy. However, disease progression during androgen-directed therapies remains the most critical challenge in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Accumulating evidence points to an important contribution of constitutively-active AR splice variants to AR-driven tumor progression during androgen-directed therapies. In this review, we will focus on the structure, activity, detection, clinical relevance, and mechanisms of production of AR splice variants.