Haidong Huang1, Paul Zarogoulidis1, Sofia Lampaki1, John Organtzis1, Dimitris Petridis1, Konstantinos Porpodis1, Antonis Papaiwannou1, Vasilis Karageorgiou1, Georgia Pitsiou1, Ioannis Kioumis1, Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt1, Qiang Li1, Kaid Darwiche1, Lutz Freitag1, Aggeliki Rapti1, Konstantinos Zarogoulidis1. 1. 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been identified either as a symptom or a primary entity. Several drugs are already on the market and other are being investigated. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is also a disease were several drugs are being investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three jet nebulizers and three ultrasound nebulizers were used for our experiments with seven different residual cups and four different loadings. Bonsetan, treprostinil, sidenafil and pirfenidone were modified in order to be produced as aerosol in an effort to identify parameters which influence the droplet size production size. RESULTS: The four-way ANOVA on droplet size using the jet nebulizers revealed two statistically significant factors, drug (F=6.326, P=0.0007) and residual cup (F=4.419, P=0.0007), and their interaction term (F=5.829, P<0.0001). Drugs bonsetan and pirfenidone produce equally the lowest mean droplet size (2.63 and 2.80 respectively) as compared to other two drug mean sizes. The ANOVA results, concerning the ultrasound nebulizers, revealed only the nebulizers as producing significant effect on droplet size (F=4.753, P=0.037). DISCUSSION: Our study indicates the importance of the initial drug design formulation. Moreover, further investigation of the residual cup design is an additional parameter that can assist in the optimal droplet size production, indifferently of the drug formulation.
INTRODUCTION:Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been identified either as a symptom or a primary entity. Several drugs are already on the market and other are being investigated. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is also a disease were several drugs are being investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three jet nebulizers and three ultrasound nebulizers were used for our experiments with seven different residual cups and four different loadings. Bonsetan, treprostinil, sidenafil and pirfenidone were modified in order to be produced as aerosol in an effort to identify parameters which influence the droplet size production size. RESULTS: The four-way ANOVA on droplet size using the jet nebulizers revealed two statistically significant factors, drug (F=6.326, P=0.0007) and residual cup (F=4.419, P=0.0007), and their interaction term (F=5.829, P<0.0001). Drugs bonsetan and pirfenidone produce equally the lowest mean droplet size (2.63 and 2.80 respectively) as compared to other two drug mean sizes. The ANOVA results, concerning the ultrasound nebulizers, revealed only the nebulizers as producing significant effect on droplet size (F=4.753, P=0.037). DISCUSSION: Our study indicates the importance of the initial drug design formulation. Moreover, further investigation of the residual cup design is an additional parameter that can assist in the optimal droplet size production, indifferently of the drug formulation.
Authors: Gérald Simonneau; Ivan M Robbins; Maurice Beghetti; Richard N Channick; Marion Delcroix; Christopher P Denton; C Gregory Elliott; Sean P Gaine; Mark T Gladwin; Zhi-Cheng Jing; Michael J Krowka; David Langleben; Norifumi Nakanishi; Rogério Souza Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2009-06-30 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Richard N Channick; Horst Olschewski; Werner Seeger; Ted Staub; Robert Voswinckel; Lewis J Rubin Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2006-09-14 Impact factor: 24.094