Tilemahos L Anagnostou1, Ioannis Savvas1, George M Kazakos1, Haralabos N Ververidis2, Dimitra Psalla3, Charalampos Kostakis1, Petros Skepastianos4, Dimitris Raptopoulos1. 1. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 2. Surgery and Obstetrics Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 3. Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 4. Alexandrion Technological Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential association of increased blood progesterone (P4 ) concentrations and/or late pregnancy with the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), in healthy bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy under general anaesthesia during anoestrus or dioestrus or during the second half of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: Ninety-four healthy, female, dogs, aged 1-8 years presented for elective ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Non-pregnant animals were classified into group A (anoestrus) (n = 35) if blood P4 concentration was sufficiently low or group D (dioestrus) (n = 26) if blood P4 concentration was sufficiently high. All animals in the second half of pregnancy were classified into group P (n = 33). Acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1) ) was administered intramuscularly as preanaesthetic medication, and sodium thiopental (10 mg kg(-1) , with additional doses if needed) was administered intravenously (IV) for induction of anaesthesia. After endotracheal intubation, halothane (1.1-1.3% end-tidal concentration) in oxygen was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Lower oesophageal pH was monitored continuously throughout surgery using a pH-measuring probe. Reflux was considered to have occurred whenever pH values of >7.5 (alkaline reflux) or <4 (acid reflux) were recorded. On completion of surgery, carprofen (4 mg kg(-1) ) was administered IV. Further administration of analgesics post-operatively was dictated by visual analogue scale pain scoring. RESULT: Acid GOR was observed in five of 26 dogs in group D, six of 35 group A, and 12 of 33 group P (p = 0.152). The incidence of GOR in group P approached statistical significance and was higher than the incidence in the combined group A + D (one sided p = 0.044, two sided p = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS: In dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy, GOR during anaesthesia occurs with a high incidence in dogs in the second half of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant animals during anoestrus or dioestrus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measures could be taken in such cases to avoid the consequences of potential reflux.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential association of increased blood progesterone (P4 ) concentrations and/or late pregnancy with the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), in healthy bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy under general anaesthesia during anoestrus or dioestrus or during the second half of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: Ninety-four healthy, female, dogs, aged 1-8 years presented for elective ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Non-pregnant animals were classified into group A (anoestrus) (n = 35) if blood P4 concentration was sufficiently low or group D (dioestrus) (n = 26) if blood P4 concentration was sufficiently high. All animals in the second half of pregnancy were classified into group P (n = 33). Acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1) ) was administered intramuscularly as preanaesthetic medication, and sodium thiopental (10 mg kg(-1) , with additional doses if needed) was administered intravenously (IV) for induction of anaesthesia. After endotracheal intubation, halothane (1.1-1.3% end-tidal concentration) in oxygen was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Lower oesophageal pH was monitored continuously throughout surgery using a pH-measuring probe. Reflux was considered to have occurred whenever pH values of >7.5 (alkaline reflux) or <4 (acid reflux) were recorded. On completion of surgery, carprofen (4 mg kg(-1) ) was administered IV. Further administration of analgesics post-operatively was dictated by visual analogue scale pain scoring. RESULT: Acid GOR was observed in five of 26 dogs in group D, six of 35 group A, and 12 of 33 group P (p = 0.152). The incidence of GOR in group P approached statistical significance and was higher than the incidence in the combined group A + D (one sided p = 0.044, two sided p = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS: In dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy, GOR during anaesthesia occurs with a high incidence in dogs in the second half of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant animals during anoestrus or dioestrus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measures could be taken in such cases to avoid the consequences of potential reflux.
Authors: Paraskevi Tsompanidou; Joris H Robben; Ioannis Savvas; Tilemahos Anagnostou; Nikitas N Prassinos; George M Kazakos Journal: Animals (Basel) Date: 2021-12-29 Impact factor: 2.752