Role of oxidative stress on chronic kidney disease progression.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with a high incidence not only in western countries but also in Indonesia as well. The majority of patients with CKD died due to cardiovascular disease than CKD progression itself. In addition to traditional risk factors, cardiovascular disease in CKD might also due to non-traditional risk factors. Oxidative stress, as non-traditional risk factors, is not only able to explain the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD, but also become a new target in therapeutic intervention. Oxidative stress in patients with CKD appears due to increased oxidant activity and decreased antioxidant system. Hemodialysis (HD) with the use of a cellulose and semi-cellulose membrane also contribute to increase oxidant that can activate the complement pathway. It stimulates inflammation that will further expand the production of oxidants and will ultimately increase oxidative stress.